New Electropositive Filter for Concentrating Enteroviruses and Noroviruses from Large Volumes of Water (original) (raw)
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Poliovirus concentration from tap water with electropositive adsorbent filters
Applied and environmental microbiology, 1980
Simple, reliable, and efficient concentration of poliovirus from tap water was obtained with two types of electropositive filter media, one of which is available in the form of a pleated cartridge filter (Virozorb 1MDS). Virus adsorption from tap water between pH 3.5 and 7.5 was more efficient with electropositive filters than with Filterite filters. Elution of adsorbed viruses was more efficient with beef extract in glycine, pH 9.5, than with glycine-NaOH, pH 11.0. In paired comparative studies, electropositive filters, with adsorption at pH 7.5 and no added polyvalent cation salts, gave less variable virus concentration efficiencies than did Filterite filters with adsorption at pH 3.5 plus added MgCl2. Recovery of poliovirus from 1,000-liter tap water volumes was approximately 30% efficient with both Virozorb 1MDS and Filterite pleated cartridge filters, but the former were much simpler to use. The virus adsorption behavior of these filters appears to be related to their surface c...
Concentration of poliovirus from tap water using positively charged microporous filters
Applied and environmental microbiology, 1979
Microporous filters that are more electropositive than the negatively charged filters currently used for virus concentrations from water by filter adsorption-elution methods were evaluated for poliovirus recovery from tap water. Zeta Plus filters composed of diatomaceous earth-cellulose-"charge-modified" resin mixtures and having a net positive charge of up to pH 5 to 6 efficiently adsorbed poliovirus from tap water at ambient pH levels 7.0 to 7.5 without added multivalent cation salts. The adsorbed virus were eluted with glycine-NaOH, pH 9.5 to 11.5. Electropositive asbestos-cellulose filters efficiently adsorbed poliovirus from tap water without added multivalent cation salts between pH 3.5 and 9.0, and the absorbed viruses could be eluted with 3% beef extract, pH 9, but not with pH 9.5 to 11.5 glycine-NaOH. Under water quality conditions in which poliovirus recoveries from large volumes of water were less than 5% with conventional negatively charged filters and standard...
Evaluation of MK filters for recovery of enteroviruses from tap water
Applied and environmental …, 1994
The MK filter is an electropositively charged filter that can be used to concentrate enteroviruses from large volumes (400 to 1,000 liters) of water. This filter is less expensive than the commonly used lMDS electropositive filter. In this study, we compared the recovery of poliovirus 1 (PVI) and that of coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) from 378 liters of tap water, using both the MK and the lMDS filters. Viruses were eluted from the filters with 3% beef extract buffered with 0.05 M glycine (pH 9.5) and reconcentrated via organic flocculation. At high virus inputs (approximately 106 PFU), the overall recovery (after elution and reconcentration) of PV1 and CB3 from tap water with the MK filter was less than that achieved with the IMDS filter (P < 0.05). The recoveries of PV1 from tap water with the MK and IMDS filters were 73.2% ± 26% (n = 5 trials) and 90.2% ± 5.9% (n = 5 trials), respectively. The recoveries of CB3 from tap water with the MK and lMDS filters were 32.8% ± 34.5% (n = 4 trials) and 95.8% + 12.0%o (n = 4 trials), respectively. This study indicated that the MK filter consistently provided lower recovery, with wider variability, of PV1 and CB3 from tap water than the lMDS filter.
Novel approach for modifying microporous filters for virus concentration from water
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1988
Electronegative microporous filters composed of epoxyfiberglass (Filterite) were treated with cationic polymers to enhance their virus-adsorbing properties. This novel and inexpensive approach to microporous filter modification entails soaking filters in an aqueous solution of a cationic polymer such as polyethyleneimine (PEI) for 2 h at room temperature and then allowing the filters to air dry overnight on absorbent paper towels. PEI-treated filters were evaluated for coliphage (MS2, T2, and phi X174) and enterovirus (poliovirus type 1 and coxsackievirus type B5) adsorption from buffer at pH 3.5 to 9.0 and for indigenous coliphages from unchlorinated secondary effluent at ambient pH. Adsorbed viruses were recovered with 3% beef extract (pH 9). Several other cationic polymers were used to modify epoxyfiberglass filters and were evaluated for their ability to concentrate viruses from water. Zeta potentials of disrupted filter material indicated that electronegative epoxyfiberglass fi...
Virus removal from water by a portable water treatment device
Wilderness & environmental medicine, 2008
Few portable point-of-use (POU) devices are available for treatment of water by recreational enthusiasts who may obtain water from untreated sources (rivers, lakes, etc.). This study evaluated a POU device containing a structure matrix capable of removing viruses from water without the use of a disinfectant. The unit was evaluated for the removal of poliovirus type 1, rotavirus SA-11, human norovirus, and a wide range of different coliphages exhibiting different isoelectric points, sizes, and shapes. The removal of all virus types tested exceeded 99.99%. The tested unit complied with the criteria guidelines for virus removal under the US Environmental Protection Agency's "Guide Standard and Protocol for Testing of Microbiological Water Purifiers."
Influence of water quality on enteric virus concentration by microporous filter methods
Applied and environmental microbiology, 1984
Four enteric viruses, poliovirus type 1, echovirus type 1, reovirus type 3, and simian adenovirus SV-11, were concentrated from seeded 1.3-liter volumes of raw, finished, and granular activated carbon-treated waters by adsorption to 47-mm-diameter (17 cm2), electropositive ( Virosorb 1MDS ) filters at pH 7.5 or electronegative ( Filterite ) filters at pH 3.5 with and without 5 mM added MgCl2, followed by elution with 0.3% beef extract in 50 mM glycine at pH 9.5. Removal of particulates from raw and finished waters by 0.2-micron prefiltration before virus addition and pH adjustment had little effect on virus concentration efficiencies. Soluble organic compounds reduced virus adsorption efficiencies from both raw and finished waters compared with granular activated carbon-treated water, but the extent of interference varied with virus type and adsorption conditions. For electropositive 1MDS filters, organic interference was similar with all virus types. For Filterite filters, organic ...
Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2015
EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.
Development of a novel bag-mediated filtration system for environmental recovery of poliovirus
Journal of water and health, 2014
Poliovirus (PV) is on the verge of global eradication. Due to asymptomatic shedding, eradication certification requires environmental and clinical surveillance. Current environmental surveillance methods involve collection and processing of 400-mL to 1-L grab samples by a two-phase separation method, where sample volume limits detection sensitivity. Filtration of larger sample volumes facilitates increased detection sensitivity. This study describes development of a pumpless in-field filtration system for poliovirus recovery from environmental waters. Recovery of PV types 1, 2, and 3 were compared for glass wool, ViroCap, and NanoCeram (PV1 only) filters. Seeded experiments were performed using 10(5) plaque forming units of PV inoculated into 10-L volumes of secondary effluent, surface water, or a 50:50 mixture of each at pH 7.0. Filter eluates were plated onto buffalo green monkey kidney cells for virus enumeration by plaque assay. Across all water types, recovery from glass wool f...
Concentration of enteroviruses from large volumes of water
Applied microbiology, 1973
An improved method for concentrating viruses from large volumes of clean waters is described. It was found that, by acidification, viruses in large volumes of water could be efficiently adsorbed to epoxy-fiber-glass and nitrocellulose filters in the absence of exogenously added salts. Based upon this finding, a modified version of our previously described virus concentration system was developed for virus monitoring of clean waters. In this procedure the water being tested is acidified by injection of N HCl prior to passage through a virus adsorber consisting of a fiber-glass cartridge depth filter and an epoxy-fiber-glass membrane filter in series. The adsorbed viruses are then eluted with a 1-liter volume of pH 11.5 eluent and reconcentrated by adsorption to and elution from a small epoxy-fiber-glass filter series. With this method small quantities of poliovirus in 100-gallon (378.5-liter) volumes of tapwater were concentrated nearly 40,000-fold with an average virus recovery effi...