Exceptional lipid storage mode of the copepod Boeckella poopoensis in a pampean salt lake, Argentina (original) (raw)
Related papers
Polyunsaturated fatty acids in zooplankton: variation due to taxonomy and trophic position
Freshwater Biology, 2006
1. Food quality has major effects on the transfer of energy and matter in food webs, and essential long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can affect the quality of phytoplankton as food. In a study of oligotrophic lakes in north-western Sweden, we investigated the fatty acid composition of four planktonic cladocerans and two calanoid copepods, representing herbivorous and carnivorous species. We also collected seston samples. 2. The proportions of long-chain PUFAs in the organisms increased with their increasing trophic position. Thus, both their quality as food for other organisms, as well as their requirement for fatty acids (FAs), differed among taxa and depended on their trophic position. 3. We found taxon-specific differences in the FA composition of zooplankton that were not related to sestonic FA composition. This implies that the variation in zooplankton FA composition is constrained by phylogenetic origin, life history characteristics, or both. 4. The cladoceran taxa contained 12-23% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) but only 0.9-2.1% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of the total FA content. In contrast, the calanoid copepods contained 7-11% EPA and 14-21% DHA. Thus, our results show that differences in the PUFA content among zooplankton species could have repercussions for both food web structure and function.
Perspectives on marine zooplankton lipids 1
2007
We developed new perspectives to identify important questions and to propose approaches for future research on marine food web lipids. They were related to (i) structure and function of lipids, (ii) lipid changes during critical life phases, (iii) trophic marker lipids, and (iv) potential impact of climate change. The first addresses the role of lipids in membranes, storage lipids, and buoyancy with the following key question: How are the properties of membranes and deposits affected by the various types of lipids? The second deals with the importance of various types of lipids during reproduction, development, and resting phases and addresses the role of the different storage lipids during growth and dormancy. The third relates to trophic marker lipids, which are an important tool to follow lipid and energy transfer through the food web. The central question is how can fatty acids be used to identify and quantify food web relationships? With the fourth, hypotheses are presented on ...
Seasonal changes in the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in zooplankton
Journal of Plankton Research, 2013
In aquatic food webs, consumers, such as daphnids and copepods, differ regarding their accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). We tested if the accumulation of PUFAs in a seston size fraction containing different consumers and in Daphnia as a separate consumer is subject to seasonal changes in a large deep lake due to changes in the dietary PUFA supply and specific demands of different consumers. We found that the accumulation of arachidonic acid (ARA) in Daphnia increased from early summer to late summer and autumn. However, ARA requirements of Daphnia appeared to be constant throughout the year, because the accumulation of ARA increased when the dietary ARA supply decreased. In the size fraction .140 mm, we found an increased accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during late summer and autumn. These seasonal changes in DHA accumulation were linked to changes in the proportion of copepods in this size fraction, which may have increasingly accumulated DHA for active overwintering. We show that consumer-specific PUFA demands can result in seasonal changes in PUFA accumulation, which may influence the trophic transfer of PUFAs within the food web.
Polar Biology, 2002
The small, sub-ice copepod Jaschnovia brevis is rich in triacylglycerols, suggesting a feeding behaviour not constrained to the seasonal phytoplankton bloom. The copepod's triacylglycerol reserves contain: the diatom biomarkers 16:1n-7 (23.9%), 20:5n-3 (8.5%) and C16 PUFA (1.3%), the¯agellate biomarkers 18:4n-3 (3.7%) and 22:6n-3 (3.3%), and the Calanus copepod biomarkers 20:1n-9 (7.7%) and 22:1n-11 (6.2%). Total lipid from particulates in the water column contained polar lipid (45.0%), wax esters (24.9%) and triacylglycerols (11.2%) as major components. The total lipids in the particulates were rich in 18:1n-9 (31.5%) and 16:0 (21.2%), and relatively rich in 18:0 (7.8%) and 18:2n-6 (9.2%). The triacylglycerols in the particulates contained 16:1n-7 (20.7%), C16 PUFA (4.1%), 18:4n-3 (1.9%), 20:5n-3 (3.6%), 22:6n-3 (1.9%), 20:1n-9 (5.2%) and 22:1n-11 (3.9%). The polar lipids in the particulates contained 16:1n-7 (17.3%), C16 PUFA (7.8%), 18:4n-3 (3.3%), 20:5n-3 (14.5%) and 22:6n-3 (9.6%). The fatty alcohols in the wax esters of the particulates were mainly 16:0 (11.3%), 20:1n-9 (21.1%) and 22:1n-11 (30.6%). The nature of the particulates, their possible origin in living and non-living material, and their role in the nutrition of J. brevis are discussed.
Ecology, 2010
We collected suspended particulate matter (seston) and zooplankton samples from Lake Washington in Seattle, Washington, USA, over a 10-month period to investigate the effects of food availability on zooplankton fatty acid (FA) composition. The percentage of nutritionally critical x3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the seston varied from 8% of the FA pool in midsummer to 30% during the spring diatom bloom. Zooplankton accumulated much higher percentages x3 PUFA than was available in the seston. In particular, cladocerans preferentially accumulated eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5x3), copepods accumulated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6x3), and both copepods and cladocerans accumulated 18 carbon chain x3 PUFAs (C 18 x3). By comparison, the FA of zooplanktivorous juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were strongly dominated by EPA (12.5% 6 2.1%) and DHA (28.2% 6 8.7%). The saturated fatty acid and the arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4x6) composition of Diaptomus ashlandi was strongly (r 2 ¼ 0.76) and moderately (r 2 ¼ 0.54) correlated with the prevalence of these FAs in the seston. Furthermore, the DHA content of Diaptomus was moderately correlated with the seston's DHA content (r 2 ¼ 0.45) and very strongly correlated with seston EPA (r 2 ¼ 0.89). Since EPA was the most prevalent PUFA in the seston and DHA was the most prevalent PUFA in Diaptomus, these results suggest that Diaptomus may synthesize DHA from the EPA in their food. In general, zooplankton species in Lake Washington were strongly enriched with those FA molecules that are most physiologically important for fish nutrition (i.e., ARA, EPA, and DHA), indicating a clear mechanism by which changes in seston composition influence fisheries ecology.
Essential fatty acids in the planktonic food web and their ecological role for higher trophic levels
Limnology and Oceanography, 2004
We measured concentrations of essential fatty acids (EFAs) in four size categories of planktonic organismsseston (10-64 m), microzooplankton (100-200 m), mesozooplankton (200-500 m), and macrozooplankton (Ͼ500 m)-and in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in coastal lakes. Size-dependent patterns in concentrations of specific fatty acids (FAs) are important for ecosystem function, because planktivorous fish and some invertebrates are size-selective predators. We demonstrate that the retention of individual FAs differs among the four size categories of planktonic organisms in our study systems. Changes in individual EFA concentrations within the planktonic food web were similar in all coastal lakes sampled, which indicates the generality of our findings. Although concentrations of arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and linoleic acid increased steadily with plankton size, the concentration of ␣-linolenic acid decreased slightly in larger size fractions of zooplankton. Concentrations of another EFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), declined sharply from mesozooplankton to the cladoceran-dominated macrozooplankton size class. Our results indicate that the retention of EFAs, as a function of plankton size, is related, in part, to the taxonomic composition of planktonic food webs. We suggest that, in general, zooplankton exhibit an EPA-retentive metabolism with increasing body size, whereas different taxonomic groups within the planktonic food web retain DHA differently. Finally, we conclude that EPA is highly retained in zooplankton, whereas in rainbow trout DHA is highly retained.
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2014
15 16 17 ABSTRACT 18 Members of the copepod family Eucalanidae are widely distributed throughout the 19 world's oceans and have been noted for their accumulation of storage lipids in high-and low-20 latitude environments. However, little is known about the lipid composition of eucalanoid 21 copepods in low-latitude environments. The purpose of this study was to examine fatty acid and 22 alcohol profiles in the storage lipids (wax esters and triacylglycerols) of Eucalanus inermis, 23 Rhincalanus rostrifrons, R. nasutus, Pareucalanus attenuatus, and Subeucalanus subtenuis, 24 collected primarily in the eastern tropical north Pacific near the Tehuantepec Bowl and Costa 25 Rica Dome regions, noted for its oxygen minimum zone, during fall 2007 and winter 2008/2009. 26 Adult copepods and particulate material were collected in the upper 50 m and from 200-300 m in 27 the upper oxycline. Lipid profiles of particulate matter were generated to help ascertain 28 information on ecological strategies of these species and on differential accumulation of dietary 29 and modified fatty acids in the wax ester and triacylglycerol storage lipid components of these 30 copepods in relation to their vertical distributions around the oxygen minimum zone. Additional 31 data on phospholipid fatty acid and sterol/fatty alcohol fractions were also generated to obtain a 32 Accepted Manuscript. © 2015, CJ Cass. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 2 comprehensive lipid data set for each sample. Rhincalanus spp. accumulated relatively large 33 amounts of storage lipids (31-80% of dry mass (DM)), while E. inermis had moderate amounts 34 (2-9% DM), and P. attenuatus and S. subtenuis had low quantities of storage lipid (0-1% DM). 35 E. inermis and S. subtenuis primarily accumulated triacylglycerols (>90% of storage lipids), 36
Perspectives on marine zooplankton lipids
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2007
We developed new perspectives to identify important questions and to propose approaches for future research on marine food web lipids. They were related to (i) structure and function of lipids, (ii) lipid changes during critical life phases, (iii) trophic marker lipids, and (iv) potential impact of climate change. The first addresses the role of lipids in membranes, storage lipids, and buoyancy with the following key question: How are the properties of membranes and deposits affected by the various types of lipids? The second deals with the importance of various types of lipids during reproduction, development, and resting phases and addresses the role of the different storage lipids during growth and dormancy. The third relates to trophic marker lipids, which are an important tool to follow lipid and energy transfer through the food web. The central question is how can fatty acids be used to identify and quantify food web relationships? With the fourth, hypotheses are presented on effects of global warming, which may result in the reduction or change in abundance of large, lipid-rich copepods in polar oceans, thereby strongly affecting higher trophic levels. The key question is how will lipid dynamics respond to changes in ocean climate at high latitudes?
Polar Biology, 2003
The fatty acid and alcohol compositions of the Antarctic copepods Oithona similis, Oncaea curvata, Oncaea antarctica and the Arctic Oncaea borealis were determined to provide the first data on their lipid biochemistry and to expand the present knowledge on their feeding modes and life-cycle strategies. All these tiny species contained high amounts of wax esters (on average 51.4-86.3% of total lipid), except females of Oithona similis (15.2%). The fatty-acid composition was clearly dominated by 18:1(n-9), especially in the wax-ester-rich Oncaea curvata (79.7% of total fatty acids). In all species, 16:0 and the polyunsaturated fatty acids 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3), which are structural components of all membranes, occurred in significant proportions. The dominant fatty alcohols were 14:0 and 16:0. In Oncaea antarctica and Oncaea borealis, the 20:1(n-9) and 22:1 (n-11) alcohols and, to a lesser extent, the corresponding fatty acids were also found in high proportions. This indicates carnivorous feeding, although de novo biosynthesis cannot be excluded. The variable composition might be due to a wider range of food items and parasitic feeding. Typical trophic marker fatty acids for phytoplankton ingestion occurred only in small amounts, which suggests that the species were feeding on particles such as detritus or aggregates and not on living phytoplankton. From the compositional data of fatty acids and alcohols, it can be concluded that feeding behaviour of all species is omnivorous and/or carnivorous.