Campylobacter at the Human–Food Interface: The African Perspective (original) (raw)
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Campylobacteriosis: Emphasis on its Status as Foodborne Zoonosis in Ethiopia
Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health, 2019
Campylobacter is one of the major causes of gastroenteritis in humans. The bacteria is a common component of the intestinal microbiota of numerous wild bird and mammals' species, and cause disease in human typically due to ingestion of contaminated food like that of chicken, drinking untreated water or unpasteurized milk and contact with farm animals. Most cases are sporadic with a seasonal peak during the summer. Usually, the disease manifested by fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, which usually diagnosed based on the patient's history and the symptoms. The case campylobacteriosis was rarely investigated and under-reported in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aims of this paper are to review the nature of Campylobacter spp. and overview its status as a foodborne zoonosis in Ethiopia. Based on the published report from different parts of Ethiopia, thermophilic Campylobacter spp. were isolated from raw meats and feces samples of different domestic animals and human. The highest prevalence reported from chicken meats, and C. jejuni and C. coli were the most prevalence Campylobacter spp. isolated from both the foods of animal origin and human beings. The disease has significantly reported from different parts of the country, though researches do not seem to cover wider geographic areas. Campylobacteriosis control and prevention strategies should focus on prevention of transmission to human beings by implementing strict hygienic control measures along the food chain to improve the hygienic conditions during handling, slaughtering, storage and commercialization of foods.
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2018
Campylobacteriosis is a leading foodborne zoonosis worldwide, and is frequently associated with handling and consumption of poultry meat. Various studies indicate that Campylobacter causes a substantial human disease burden in low to middle-income countries, but data regarding the organism's epidemiology in countries like Kenya are scarce. In sub-Saharan Africa, 3.8 million deaths of children under-5 years of age are reported annually. Of those, 25% are caused by diarrheal diseases, and Campylobacter is one of the most frequently isolated bacteria from diarrheic children. With the growth of urban conglomerates, such as Kenya's capital, Nairobi, changes in diets, food production systems, and retailing dynamics, it is likely that exposure and susceptibility to this pathogen will change. Therefore, the importance of Campylobacter disease burden in Kenya may increase further. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Nairobi's...
Campylobacteriosis in Sub-Saharan Africa
Infectious diseases, 2023
Research and clinical works have documented various species of campylobacter in Africa. Thermophilic campylobacter has been shown to be endemic in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region, and the prevalence is suspected to be increasing. To define the geographic boundaries of SSA, the United Nations macrogeographic definition of Africa has been used in several studies https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ methodology/m49/. According to this UN definition, sub-Saharan Africa is divided into East Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and West Africa. The zoonotic potential of campylobacter has been extensively studied and documented in the SSA region. Children are the most affected by campylobacter infections, and the infections exhibit seasonal patterns. Research has shown varied sources of infection such as foods of animal and plant origins, as well as unpasteurized milk and water, but animal meat is the most common source of infection. This chapter will delve into finding more recent information on campylobacter in the region such as the species, their prevalence, virulence, and risk factors. It will also explore the options in management such as vaccines and recommended diagnosis therapeutic protocols in humans and animals.
Campylobacter Gastroenteritis Among Under-Five Children in Southwest Ethiopia
Infection and Drug Resistance
Background: Under-five children are at an increased risk for foodborne illnesses because of the ingenuousness of their immune system. Although Campylobacter species are one of the bacterial etiologies of gastroenteritis, Campylobacter gastroenteritis among under-five children is not well considered in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed at exploring the prevalence, associated risk factors, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter species among under-five children with diarrhea. Methods: The institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among under-five children with diarrhea at Jimma Medical Center, southwestern Ethiopia from January 5 to April 21, 2020. Stool samples were collected and inoculated into Campylobacter agar medium. Isolation and identification were done using standard bacteriological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted on Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 10% sheep blood using disk diffusion techniques. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the associated risk factors. Results: A total of 214 under-five children were enrolled. The prevalence of Campylobacter infection was 8.9%. Absence of caretakers' handwashing before preparation of food [AOR = 3.7, 95% CI: (1.2-10.8)], direct contact with domestic animals [AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: (1.0-12.7)], and consumption of raw dairy products [AOR = 4.5, 95% CI: (1.4-13.9)] are the factors associated with Campylobacter infection. Some Campylobacter species were found to be resistant to most available antibiotics. Conclusion: The magnitude of Campylobacter gastroenteritis indicates the need for routine isolation and identification of Campylobacter species from all under-five children clinically diagnosed with diarrhea. Species that are resistant to the drug of choice for Campylobacteriosis are also emerging. Health education on the importance of pasteurization of milk and caretakers' handwashing can mitigate the transmission. Mechanism of handling of domestic animals should be considered to reduce transmission of zoonotic diseases like Campylobacteriosis.
Review on Campylobacteriosis in Ethiopia Perspective
World Journal of Public Health, 2021
Campylobacteriosis is widespread worldwide infecting all warm blooded animals including human beings. Campylobacter species are a leading cause of bacterial-derived foodborne disease Campylobacter is a gram-negative comma shaped rods, microaerophilic and motile. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the major cause of enteritis in human being and mainly transmitted to humans via handling and eating raw or undercooked meat, especially poultry. It causes watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, and nausea with nervous system complications in humans. Warm-blooded farm animals such as poultry, pigs, cattle and sheep are major reservoirs for Campylobacter species. Most Campylobacter infections are acquired by consuming or handling poultry, the ideal way to control the number of human infections would be to limit contamination of poultry and its products at different levels. Routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent Campylobacter infections is not recommended. In immune-competent individuals, Campylobacter enterocolitis self-limited, with mild to moderate symptoms but supportive care with oral rehydration is the preferred treatment. In Ethiopia its highly prevalent ranging from 8-13.7 in human and 9.4-72.7 in food animals. High prevalence of zoonotic Campylobacter species has been isolated from animal products and animal feaces. Therefore, consumption of raw meat, unpasteurized milk and untreated water should be avoided. Public awareness creation to minimize risk of campylobacteriosis is also very important.
A study was conducted to establish the epidemiology of Campylobacter species in the four agricultural zones of Sokoto. A total of 798 (506 cloacal and 292 fecal) swabs from poultry and humans respectively were screened and analyzed using standard culture isolation technique and biochemical characterization. A total of 152 (30%) and 160 (55%) were positive for Campylobacter spp. in poultry and humans respectively. The prevalence rates of 53, 28, and 18% were for Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter lari and Campylobacter jejuni in poultry while 39, 37 and 24% were for C. coli, C. lari and C. jejuni in humans, respectively. The prevalence rate of 30% was recorded in both chicken and guinea fowl, while 14, 56 and 50% were found in pigeon, ducks and turkey, respectively. The prevalence rates were slightly higher in males than females in both poultry and humans. There was no significant statistical association (P>0.05) between prevalence rate and species. The prevalence in agricultural zones revealed 42, 39, 28 and 13% in Gwadabawa, Isah, Sokoto and Tambuwal, respectively in poultry, while in humans, 65, 25, 50 and 70% were recorded in the same order. There was no significant statistical association (P>0.05) between prevalence rate and sex, but the association between prevalence and zones were statistically significant (P<0.05) in both poultry and humans. Poultry in the state have been shown to harbor Campylobacter spp. and may serve as reservoir of infection for humans. Humans independent of age and sex, were infected with Campylobacter spp.. The transportation of poultry together with humans in the same truck while moving birds from different locations to live bird markets should be discouraged. Adequate environmental sanitation and strict hygiene measures should be implemented in the poultry slaughter slabs and processing units in the state.
Aim: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and viability of Campylobacter species isolates from different species of poultry and humans in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in the live birds markets, humans on admission and at outpatient clinics in the randomly selected hospitals in Sokoto State. Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter species were performed using standard culture isolation techniques and biochemical characterization. A total of 798 (506 cloacal and 292 fecal) swabs from poultry and humans, respectively, were collected and analyzed. The viability of 307 isolates stored in 15% glycerol and 85% tryptone broth at −20°C was determined after 7-13 months. Results: A total of 312 (39%) were positive for Campylobacter species which comprises 119 (30%), 20 (30%), 3 (14%), 9 (56%), 1 (50%), and 160 (55%) in chicken, guinea fowls, pigeons, ducks, turkey, and humans, respectively. The total of 38 (24%), 63 (39%), and 59 (37%) humans and 29 (19%), 79 (52%), and 44 (29%) poultry isolates were positive for Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter Coli, and Campylobacter Lari, respectively. A total of 261 (85%) of the stored isolates were still viable on re-isolation with the viability rates of 41 (95%), 67 (85%), and 17 (59%) at 7, 9, and 13 months of storage, respectively. There was a negative correlation between months of storage and viability rates. However, there was no significant statistical association (p>0.05) between prevalence rate and species of poultry. Conclusion: Campylobacter species have been detected with varying degree of prevalence in both poultry and humans and their ability to survive freezing at −20°C (95%) for up to 7 months has been revealed in the study. This is not only a concern to food and livestock industries but also a concern to the public health at large, especially, in view of the study area being considered one of the largest livestock producers in Nigeria. Campylobacteriosis is known to be associated with the cost of gastroenteritis management, antimicrobial resistance, food contamination, and complications such as a paralytic condition called Guillain-Barre syndrome.
BJSTR, 2017
: Campylobacter mediated diarrhoea is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. The organisms colonize the gastrointestinal tract of different animal species without causing disease symptoms. Humans acquire infections through contact with or consumption of contaminated meat especially raw/undercooked poultry meat. The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter strains heightens the public health concern of the organisms. The aim of this review was to summarise information on the epidemiology and antibiogram of Campylobacter in humans and animals in East African countries.