Detecting attitude change with the implicit association test (original) (raw)
Related papers
2010
Schwartz, 1998) can be contaminated by associations that do not contribute to one’s evaluation of an attitude object and thus do not become activated when one encounters the object but that are nevertheless available in memory. The authors propose a variant of the IAT that reduces the contamination of these “extrapersonal associations. ” Consistent with the notion that the traditional version of the IAT is affected by society’s negative portrayal of minority groups, the “personalized ” IAT revealed relatively less racial prejudice among Whites in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiments 3 and 4, the personalized IAT correlated more strongly with explicit measures of attitudes and behavioral intentions than did the traditional IAT. The feasibility of disentangling personal and extrapersonal associations is discussed. Implicit measures have enjoyed widespread use in social psychology in recent years. The Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) has become a part...
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004
- can be contaminated by associations that do not contribute to one's evaluation of an attitude object and thus do not become activated when one encounters the object but that are nevertheless available in memory. The authors propose a variant of the IAT that reduces the contamination of these "extrapersonal associations." Consistent with the notion that the traditional version of the IAT is affected by society's negative portrayal of minority groups, the "personalized" IAT revealed relatively less racial prejudice among Whites in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiments 3 and 4, the personalized IAT correlated more strongly with explicit measures of attitudes and behavioral intentions than did the traditional IAT. The feasibility of disentangling personal and extrapersonal associations is discussed. Implicit measures have enjoyed widespread use in social psychology in recent years. The Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) has become a particularly popular implicit lens for viewing such social phenomena as prej
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2008
Over the last decade, a new class of indirect measurement procedures has become increasingly popular in many areas of psychology. However, these implicit measures have also sparked controversies about the nature of the constructs they assess. One controversy has been stimulated by the question of whether some implicit measures (or implicit measures in general) assess extra-personal rather than personal associations. We argue that, despite empirical and methodological advances stimulated by this debate, researchers have not sufficiently addressed the conceptual question of how to define extra-personal in contrast to personal associations. Based on a review of possible definitions, we argue that some definitions render the controversy obsolete, whereas others imply fundamentally different empirical and methodological questions. As an alternative to defining personal and extra-personal associations in an objective sense, we suggest an empirical approach that investigates the meta-cognitive inferences that make a given association subjectively personal or extra-personal for the individual.
Preparation and Analyses of Implicit Attitude Measures: Challenges, Pitfalls, and Recommendations
Implicit measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Personalized-IAT can be useful tools for studying automatic processes and socially sensitive topics. But with them come issues with data preparation and analysis because they rely on reaction time data. Dealing with reaction time data can be complex, particularly with the IAT or PIAT, which is exacerbated by the many steps and alternatives available. Greenwald et al. (2003) offer guidelines for handling these types of data. However, these guidelines are often cited with little accompanying information as to which steps and alternatives were chosen, and the effects they had on the data. This provides many latitudes of freedom for researchers to choose the version of the analysis that is most likely to give desired results, not necessarily the one that best reflects the data set or matches other work. This manuscript reports what happens to IAT/PIAT scores when steps in the data cleaning and analysis are omitted or otherwise changed, finding sometimes large variations in relationships between variables and the potential for significance tests to change depending on the version used.
Implicit Attitudes Reflect Associative, Non-associative, and Non-attitudinal Processes
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2013
It is a common assumption that responses on implicit measures are proxies for automatically activated associations stored in memory. Consequently, explanations for implicit attitude malleability, variability, and prediction have assumed differences in underlying associations. However, a growing body of evidence challenges the assumption that implicit attitude change is driven only by associative processes. This paper reviews evidence from research with the Quadruple Process model on the influence of associative and non-associative processes on implicit task performance. We also describe recent research on non-attitudinal processes that do not pertain directly to the attitude object of interest but that, nevertheless, influence implicit task performance. Implications for the interpretation of implicit measures and implicit attitude change are discussed.
The Psychological record
Research increasingly supports the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure capable of providing a sensitive index of preexisting implicit attitudes and cognitions. The current study constitutes the first attempt to determine if the IRAP is also sensitive to implicit attitudes engineered through either direct relational training or verbal instruction. Following attitude-induction training, participants completed an IRAP in addition to two self-report procedures designed to measure newly formed attitudes. Both implicit and explicit attitudes emerged and persisted in response to both relational training and verbal instruction. Furthermore, the IRAP data indicated significant implicit attitudes when participants both affirmed attitude-consistent and negated attitude-inconsistent relations. The findings are consistent with previous attitude-formation research, but the relational properties of the IRAP raise specific conceptual issues pertaining to the nature of impli...
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity
Personality and Social …, 2005
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) assesses relative strengths of four associations involving two pairs of contrasted concepts (e.g., male-female and family-career). In four studies, analyses of data from 11 Web IATs, averaging 12,000 respondents per data set, supported the following conclusions: (a) sorting IAT trials into subsets does not yield conceptually distinct measures; (b) valid IAT measures can be produced using as few as two items to represent each concept; (c) there are conditions for which the administration order of IAT and self-report measures does not alter psychometric properties of either measure; and (d) a known extraneous effect of IAT task block order was sharply reduced by using extra practice trials. Together, these analyses provide additional construct validation for the IAT and suggest practical guidelines to users of the IAT.
The influence of experimentally created extrapersonal associations on the Implicit Association Test
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2006
We examined the inXuence of extrapersonal associations (Olson & Fazio, 2004)-associations that neither form the basis of the attitude nor become activated automatically in response to the object-on the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) by experimentally creating both attitudes and extrapersonal associations. The results revealed that participants who were given extrapersonal information that was inconsistent with their own attitudes were aVected by this information when they later performed an IAT. They exhibited signiWcantly reduced IAT scores compared to participants who were provided attitude-consistent extrapersonal information. This attenuation of the IAT eVect occurred despite the fact that participants rated the source of the attitude-inconsistent extrapersonal information as irrational and foolish. On the other hand, the extrapersonal associations did not inXuence a subliminal priming measure in Experiment 1, nor a personalized version of the IAT (Olson & Fazio, 2004) in Experiment 2. These measures proved sensitive to the attitude, regardless of the congruency of the extrapersonal information.
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2014
Performance on implicit attitude measures is influenced both by the nature of activated evaluative associations and by people's ability to regulate those associations as they respond. One consequence is that identical implicit attitude scores may conceal different underlying processes. This study demonstrated this phenomenon and also shed light on the nature of age differences in antiaging bias on implicit attitude measures. Although younger and older participants demonstrated equivalent levels of antiaging bias on an Implicit Association Test (IAT), application of the Quad model showed that antiold associations were less activated among older than younger adults, but that older adults were less able to overcome these associations in performing the task. Thus, the lack of age differences in IAT performance concealed differences in both underlying evaluative associations and the ability to control those associations. These findings have important implications for the measurement and interpretation of implicit attitudes.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2013
We introduce the ReAL model for the Implicit Association Test (IAT), a multinomial processing tree model that allows one to mathematically separate the contributions of attitude-based evaluative associations and recoding processes in a specific IAT. The ReAL model explains the observed pattern of erroneous and correct responses in the IAT via 3 underlying processes: Recoding of target and attribute categories into a binary representation in the compatible block (Re), evaluative associations of the target categories (A), and label-based identification of the response that is assigned to the respective nominal category (L). In 7 validation studies, using an adaptive response deadline procedure in order to increase the amount of erroneous responses in the IAT, we demonstrated that the ReAL model fits IAT data and that the model parameters vary independently in response to corresponding experimental manipulations. Further studies yielded evidence for the specific predictive validity of the model parameters in the domain of consumer behavior. The ReAL model allows one to disentangle different sources of IAT effects where global effect measures based on response times lead to equivocal interpretations. Possible applications and implications for future IAT research are discussed.