ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION AMONG SAVARAS OF MAANAPURAM, SEETHAMPET MANDAL, SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH A Dissertation submitted to the University of Hyderabad in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of MASTERS IN ANTHROPOLOGY (original) (raw)
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FOREST DWELLER AND THEIR LIVELIHOOD.docx
FOREST DWELLER AND THEIR LIVELY HOOD: A CASE STUDY OF KULDIHA BIO-SPHERE IN NILGIR BLOCK OF BALASORE DISTRICT. Agriculture and allied activities that support the livelihoods of nearly 70 percent of India’s rural population, has lost its importance. In recent years, land based livelihoods of small and marginal farmers are increasingly becoming unsustainable. As their land has failed to support their family’s food requirements they are forced to look at alternative means for supplementing their livelihoods. The rapid changes at the macro level that India witnessed since the early nineties has contributed to the instability of the livelihood systems of the poorer section of both rural and tribal households. The emergence of industry and market economy has disturbed the age old tribal and nature relation. Taking the anthropological methodology into account the present study tried to explore the traditional pattern of livelihoods and their changing scenario in a tribal dominated on kuldiha bio-sphere district of balasore, Odisha. If we look into the changing contest of livelihood of the study area it will be found that it has changed a lot in course of time. During the British period the villagers were mostly depending on forest resources for their livelihoods. They used to collect various forest based products and fuel woods from nearby forest. The villagers were managing the forest. Apart from forest resources they used to do some cultivation in forest land. Mostly it was a system of mono cropping. Their economy was subsistence in nature. They were struggling to feed them. In course of time slowly this forest got degraded because of lots of reasons. The rise of industrialization, intervention of outsiders and rise of population became major threat for these communities. The degraded resources failed to suffice the needs of the villagers. It compelled the tribal inhabitants to look for other alternatives. In the initial days it was only agriculture, which gave them an alternative source of livelihoods. But the small land holding size and traditional technology failed to meet the rising needs of villagers. Due to increase the population and requirement of industrial needs the forest depletion rate is very fast in study area. Peoples are now travelling long distance to collect the firewood. They have engaged themselves in various small industries in their locality. Most of the young children in the study area have engaged themselves in non-agriculture sector.
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The exploitation and destruction of forests have reached such a critical level that the consequences have attracted the attention of the wider community. The resounding response, however, has been to highlight the problems of the environment rather than the humanitarian aspect of the elimination of the tribal and indigenous people who live in and around the forest. For generations, tribal and indigenous people have depended for their livelihood on the generosity of the forest but now, with the arrival of large capital which exploits the forest, their sovereignty over and access to forest resources have been stolen from them. This phenomenon is intrinsically connected to forest management policies which emphasize efforts to obtain foreign exchange by exploiting economically valuable forest products and in particular timber. The large profits which can be reaped from the forestry sector, the increase in foreign exchange and the ability to absorb labor are the aspects put forward to le...
TIJ's Research Journal of Social Science & Management - RJSSM, 2015
Shifting cultivation is a form traditional activity in the tribal people throughout the world. It is considered to be the most ancient system of agriculture dating back to the lower Neolithic period. So it is an ideal instance of transformation of human life and struggling scenario throughout the past. The earliest written accounts of forest destruction in Southern Europe begin around 1000 BC in the histories of Homer, Thucydides and Plato and in Strabo’s Geography. Though, many tribes in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Brazil, Peru, Chile, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania etc. are still engaged more or less in shifting cultivation. Naturally, environmental issues are highly connected to the system. This paper is trying to explore some traditional aspects of the shifting cultivation and the tribes also. Different types of secondary data are used to inculcate and innovate the features.
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Tribals have been divided into several tribal belts in India on the basis of physical characters and other aspects of life. They live in forest hills and naturally isolated regions but some are in contact with people of modern culture either by migrating to cities for work, developmental projects if carried out in their area, people going to study their living and now government trying to bring them in purview of inclusive development. In the course of acculturation they have also been cheated by many so called civilized people who grabbed their land in lieu of providing assistance. They have to a great extent retained their traditions and customs as socially distinct communities in contrast to their counterparts. Tribal have attracted more and more scholars to study them. In developing societies tribal people have specific local knowledge as a result of close interaction with natural and physical environments and cultural adaptation being more eco-friendly and sustainable instead of encouraging tribal farmers to adopt input intensive agriculture the state departments should advocate the cultivation of crops organically. Sustainable practices have been followed by them then coming in contact with modern civilization had adopted unsustainable capital intensive practices in agriculture leading to problems of indebtedness. The present approach by government, non government organizations, research institutes again are teaching and reviving sustainable organic practices to tribal people for increasing their incomes. Tribal welfare is the concern for inclusive growth.