Lipids for infant formulas (original) (raw)
Comment on the Content and Composition of Lipids in Infant Formulas
Acta Paediatrica, 1991
Dietary lipids are of major importance for growth and development of the human infant. They are the predominant energy source for breast-fed and formula-fed infants, and they contribute to the palatability of food and to its satiety value. Not all dietary lipids can be regarded as an exchangeable source of energy but fat soluble vitamins and certain polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential dietary constituents. Structural lipids such as cholesterol and phospholipids are integral components of biological membranes and thereby modulate important physiological functions, e.g. membrane fluidity and permeability, the activity of membrane bound enzymes and receptors, and the electrical response to excitation (1, 2). Dietary fat may also contain some constituents with potential undesirable effects such as trans-fatty acids, lipid-peroxides, lipophilic pesticides, other contaminants and carcinogens. In adult populations, dietary fat intake has been correlated to the incidence of atherosclerotic and certain malignant diseases. The following recommendations for the composition of infant formulas are mainly based on a considered review of documented or proposed requirements and effects of dietary lipids, as well as on the average composition of mature human milk. Generally, recommendations given refer also to formulas for low-birthweight infants (LBWI) and to follow-up formulas. When the composition of these formulas should be different from the recommendations for infant formulas this is clearly stated. FAT CONTENT Infant formulas and formulas for LBWI: 40-55 Yo of energy content 1.1-1.4 g* 100 kJ-' 4.4-6.0 g. 100 kcal-' Follow-up formulas: 35-55 % of energy content 0.9-1.4 g. 100 kJ-' 4.0-6.0 g. 100 kcal-' Lipids are the major source of energy in human milk. In infant formulas, a similar proportion of energy as fat as in average human milk, i.e. 40-55%, allows for a sufficiently high energy density of the feed, simultaneously keeping the osmotic and metabolic burdens on the infant low. Moreover, a substantial supply of dietary fat
Lipid profile of different infant formulas for infants
PLOS ONE, 2017
Situations including premature infants, or those in which there is a rejection to breastfeeding, require the use infant formulas for total or partial replacement of human milk. The objective of this study was to determine the lipid content and to identify the lipid profile of infant formulas. Samples were collected from ten different infant formulas, used as a substitute for breast milk at the Maternal and Child Hospital of Brasilia. The human milk sample consisted of a pool of samples from 10 mature milk donors at the milk bank of the University Hospital of Brasilia. The lipid content and lipid profile of the different infant formulas and human milk were analyzed. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with eleven treatments and three replicates, in triplicate. The data obtained in this study indicated significant differences between infant formulas and human milk, and among the infant formulas analyzed in relation to the percentage of total lipids and the fatty acid profile, except for the fractions of linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Regarding the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to the total unsaturated fatty acids, only the Soy Protein Isolate-based Infant Formula (SPIIF) and Whey Protein Extensively Hydrolyzed Infant Formula (WPEHIF) resembled human milk. It was concluded that despite the observed differences, the use of infant formulas is a viable strategy for the development of infants subjected or not to specific physiological conditions.
Vigilância Sanitária em Debate, 2014
Codex Alimentarius stan-72 (2011) discriminate the adequate values of fatty acids and lipids for infant formula. Total lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were quantified in fourteen infant formulas samples and compared the results with the recommended values. Extraction and quantification of lipids followed Roese Gottielb method. Analysis of fatty acid, methylated by Hartman and Lago procedure, was carried out through gas chromatography was performed with the use of internal standard 23:0. In the analyzed samples, at least one parameter was in disagreement with Codex Alimentarius.
International Conference on Agricultural Sciences, 2019
Breast milk is the first and best food for the baby and the natural source of all the nutrients needed by the infant to grow and move. At present, local and international markets are full of milk products and alternatives milk products. The aim of this study was to find the differences between the infant formula and breast milk in the presence and percentages of fatty acids during the period of lactation. A total of 240 samples of healthy mothers (ages 18-33 years) which had an infants aged 3-11 months were collected voluntarily, the samples were collected daily and five days per week. A representative sample of the week was taken to measure the presence and percentages of fatty acids by GC mass. The results of fatty acids for the mother sample for the period less than six months were shows (Capric, Lauric, Myristic, Palmitic, Palmitoleic , Stearic, Oleic , Linoleic and Margaric acid 1.41, 1.49, 0.86, 2.59, 0.85, 0.64, 9.09, 10.3, 0.85%), while the infant formula was (IF1 = Linoleic 14.75 %, Oleic 5.11%, Stearic11.39%, Palmitic 3.9%, Myristic 1.04%, Lauric 2.71% and Capric 0.52 %, IF2= Capric 1.44%, Lauric 9.44%, Myristic 3.34%, Palmitic 5.86%, stearic 1.92%, Oleic 12.51% and Linoleic 6.37%, IF3= Capric 0.7%, Lauric 1.39%, Myristic 0.53%, Palmitic 4.51%, stearic 0.71%, Oleic 3.73% and Linoleic 2.44%). While it were the results of breast milk from fatty acids in the period after six months were as follows (Capric 0.84%, Lauric 3.14%, Myristic 2.94%, Palmitic 5.33%, Palmitoleic 0.2%, Stearic 1.8%, Oleic 6.23%, Linoleic 7.06%, Margaric acid 1.16%) , the results of the infant formula varied for the same period(IF4= capric 0.84%, Lauric 3.52%, Myristic 0.94%, Palmitic 5.12%, Palmitoleic 3.64%, Stearic 1.06%, Oleic 5.62% and Linoleic 2.95% IF5= Capric 0.97 %, Lauric 4.59 %, Myristic 0.74%, Palmitic 3.42 %, Palmitoleic 18.44 %, Undecanoic acid 4.53 %, Oleic 5.13 %, Linoleic 3.02 %, Stearic 1.18 %, Margaric acid 1.64 % and Arachidic acid 0.88 % ,IF6= Lauric 0.5%, Myristic 0.55%, Palmitic 2.83%, Palmitoleic 20.1%, Sebacic 1 %, Arachidic acid 0.98%, Linoleic 1.49 %, Stearic 1.1 %). The study showed that the earliest infant formula was (IF5) in terms of the fatty acids presence for the second period compared to breast milk, but in terms of ratios did not find a match between breast milk for the periods before and after six months, as well as between breast milk and infant formula.