World Heritage and Cultural Tourism The Case of Cappadocia in Turkey (original) (raw)
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Whilst World Heritage Site (WHS) designation is often valued for the increased tourism and associated economic benefits it brings to a region, it can simultaneously lead to the disenfranchisement and marginalisation of local communities. Focusing on the WHS of Göreme-Cappadocia in central Turkey, this article addresses the contested nature of Cappadocia's heritage and tourism landscape by discussing the uneasy relationship between the Byzantine historic remains, the Göreme local community and cultural tourism. The discussion critically examines the issue of inclusion and exclusion relating to the heritage presentation and interpretation at this WHS. In conclusion, recommendations for achieving a better level of sustainable cultural tourism through better inclusion of multiple stakeholders and values are made.
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Whilst World Heritage Site (WHS) designation is often valued for the increased tourism and associated economic benefits it brings to a region, it can simultaneously lead to the disenfranchisement and marginalisation of local communities. Focusing on the WHS of Göreme-Cappadocia in central Turkey, this article addresses the contested nature of Cappadocia’s herit-age and tourism landscape by discussing the uneasy relationship between the Byzantine historic remains, the Göreme local community and cultural tourism. The discussion critically examines the issue of inclusion and exclu-sion relating to the heritage presentation and interpretation at this WHS. In conclusion, recommendations for achieving a better level of sustainable cul-tural tourism through better inclusion of multiple stakeholders and values are made.
Like most volumes that set out to examine the manifestation of phenomena in diverse geographical, historical, economic, cultural and socio-political contexts, interweaving assorted narratives to create a cohesive whole requires a solid, unifying thread. In this instance, the link is World Heritage listing and the ways by which such sites produce outcomes and legacies that tourism interventions tend to engender. World Heritage listing often results in a range of tensions, and dilemmas for stakeholders who come to the discourse with compatible or conflicting viewpoints, and often with divergent and contradictory interests that depart from the central tenets of World Heritage listing (Cheer, Reeves, & Laing, 2015; Collins, 2008). In setting out to ‘analyze the complex and interconnected system of players who both orchestrate and experience the changes that emerge with World Heritage desig- nation’ (p. 1), an enormous task is attempted, possibly beyond the remit of a collection of case studies given the inherent variegations evident across the globe.
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The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this publication and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The publication of this volume was financed by the Italian Funds-in-Trust.
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The World Heritage Convention celebrates its fortieth anniversary in 2012. In 1972, the key words were environment and protection; today, key agendas are sustainable development, climate change and culture. The Convention identifies sites for conservation according to academically derived criteria of outstanding universal value. Since 1972, the motivation for inscription has shifted from cultural recognition to economic gain. In addition, the United Nations operates to a progressive set of radical, inclusive agendas. This article reflects on the achievements and future directions for the Convention, focusing especially on cities.
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The year 2012 marked the fortieth anniversary of UNESCO's 1972 Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. It remains the major international instrument for safeguarding the world's heritage. The Convention's most significant feature is its integration of the concepts of nature conservation and preservation of cultural properties in a single treaty. Recognizing the increasing threats to natural and cultural sites, coupled with traditional conservation challenges, it was established as a new provision for the collective protection of heritage with outstanding universal value. This paper identifies three critical challenges that the World Heritage Convention faces today. Each of these has implications for how the international community chooses to identify, reify, protect, and promote something called "World Heritage" as a privileged category. These are the mounting challenges to expert opinions and decision making, the increasing and overt politicization of the World Heritage Committee, and UNESCO's fiscal crisis exacerbated by the recent US financial withdrawal. Lynn Meskell is Professor and Director of the Stanford Archaeology Center, Stanford University (Main Quad, Building 50, Stanford, California 94305, U.S.A. [lmeskell@stanford.edu]). Electronically published 30 V 13.
The term integrated conservation first entered the lexicon of the cultural heritage community in the 1975 European Charter of the Architectural Heritage (Council of Europe 1975) recognising that the future of that component of our heritage depends on the weight attached to it within the framework of urban and regional planning. Since then, formal recognition within the heritage community has expanded to include intangible cultural heritage and diversity of cultural expressions, the agendas of sustainability, sustainable development and climate change have re-framed the overarching context, and the role of today’s communities as both custodians and beneficiaries of the broad spectrum of cultural and natural heritage has assumed a central position in the heritage discourse alongside management, a term with diverse interpretations in practice. Expanding on the tripartite encapsulation of sustainable development in the Brundtland Report (Brundtland Commission 1987), the 2010 Toledo Declaration on Urban Development defined the multiple dimensions of sustainability as “economic, social, environmental, cultural and governance” (European Union 2010) “Good governance,” it reads, “based on the principles of openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness, coherence and subsidiarity is required in order to assure the successful implementation of public policies, a more efficient and effective allocation of public resources and to increase citizen’s direct participation, involvement, engagement and empowerment.” This concluding chapter seeks to extract key findings on multilevel governance as the key to sound management and to reframe the role of management plans in so doing. Keywords: management plan, management system, governance, community, human factor, integrated approach.