Penyaringan Galur Hasil Persilangan Tembakau Madura Dan Oriental Berdasarkan Indeks Tanaman Dan Kadar Nikotin (original) (raw)
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RESEARCH ON TOBACCO IN INDIA (INCLUDING BETEL QUID AND ARECA NUT)
HNP DISCUSSION PAPER, Economics of Tobacco Control Paper No. 9, World Bank, 2003
Abstract: This report is a compilation of references and abstracts of all research on tobacco in India from 1985 to 2003. Studies are organised by subject matter, and within each sub-topic, are arranged by year of publication with most recent studies listed first, and for studies published in the same year, alphabetically by author’s last name. The studies include tobacco use surveys, studies on tobacco-related mortality, tobacco-related diseases both cancerous and non-cancerous, according to body system and site, and other health problems associated with tobacco use and environmental tobacco smoke. Other topics include the toxicity of tobacco products, educational interventions and the psychology of tobacco use, tobacco control measures and policies, reports on tobacco advertising and sponsorship and research into the tobacco health hazards faced by tobacco workers. It also includes studies on tobacco employment, tobacco growing and technology, and the economics of tobacco. The following databases were searched: Pub Med, Medline, and J-Gate (a new Indian database). The keywords used for the searches were ‘(Tobacco OR smoking) AND India’, as well as names of diseases known from international research findings to be associated with tobacco, ‘AND India’. In some cases, reports were excluded if they were duplicative, or the methodology or findings were unclear.
Bulletin of Tobacco Science and Profesion
2018
In the last 10 years in Macedonia are produced only oriental types of tobacco which achieved an average annual production of unprocessed raw tobacco amounting to around 25 000 tonnes, with the exception of two years (2008 and 2015). This production is competitive and compatible with the real needs of the market. Accordingly, in this ten year period total production by year shows that the Republic of Macedonia has continued sustainable development of tobacco production and the variety structure is extremely heterogeneous, especially in type prilep and there are no direct payments (subsidies). The analysis of the parameters it was found that the introduction of subsidies by the government 1€ per kg of tobacco and improving the variety structure as a major factor in the introduction of the variety Prilep 669/7 in the primary tobacco production in this period is decisive for the increase in production and achieving sustainable development in the last 10 years. The variety Prilep 66-9 / ...
ANALYSIS OF TOBACCO WHICH IS AN IMPORTANT CASH CROP CULTIVATED IN RABI SEASON IN UTTAR PRADESH
Many crops are grown in India some of them are food grain cereals, fruits, pulses and oilseeds plants and another crops which are having “Cash Crops terminology” that are sugarcane, cotton, tobacco opium, mint, menthol, chikori, tea, coffee etc. Some out of them have in toxic properties and nicotine used by the people in various form; tobacco is an important commercial crop. It provides employment to about 36 million people and contributes as much as Rs. 8,000 crores through excise duty and Rs. 1362 crores in terms of foreign exchange to the national exchequer.
Variability test on different samples of tobacco and their Nicotine content
As an alkaloid, nicotine is highly medicinal as it is used as an analgesic and also as an insecticide. However its addictive nature has brought about risks in its use. Being a major constituent in cigarette, three samples of cigarette were examined and the percentage nicotine present were ascertained, nicotine was extracted using solvent extraction method, which was titrated against perchloric acid using glacial acetic as a solvent. Crystal violet was used as an indicator. The results showed that the mass of nicotine written by the manufacturer is lower than the actual amount of nicotine present in the each stick of cigarette, the results obtained is discussed extensively in this paper. In conclusion, the cigarette tested was found not to be safe in accordance with the world health organization's permissive limits of nicotine content in a cigarette.
Tobacco Diversity in Indonesia
Journal of Biological Researches, 2015
Tobacco variants in Indonesia are very diverse which can be identified from their morphology or their characteristics. This is related to tobacco long adaptation in different agro ecology of plantation areas which spread out at 15 provinces, from dry to irrigated land and from low land to high land areas. Tobacco has been introduced in Indonesia for more than four centuries and mostly used as cigarette. This commodity and its products are still economically important for government and farmer income. It contributes in government income which reached up to 114 trillion rupiahs and farmer income up to 70% in 2014. Tobacco diversity in Indonesia can be grouped according to their growing season and their usage in cigarette blending. Tobaccos which grown at the end of wet season and harvested in dry season are called Voor Oogst tobaccos, otherwise tobaccos which grown at dry season and harvested in wet season are called Na Oogst tobaccos. Based on their usage, tobaccos are categorized as main ingredients for kretek cigarette, Rolled Your Own (RYO) cigarette, and cigar industries.
Raw Material of Nicotine Isolated From Tobacco Leaves Cultivated in Indonesia
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Health Research (ISHR 2019), 2020
Indonesian tobacco is largely used for cigarettes. The Indonesian cigarettes export market is currently affected because many countries have signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) which is under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO). Exploration of the potential of tobacco as a raw material of a hygienic product is an alternative solution for the sustainability of tobacco cultivation while increasing the empowerment of tobacco farmers. The high nicotine content of tobacco is needed to be used as raw material of a hygienic product. The purpose of this research is to isolate nicotine from tobacco leaves and find out the tobacco with the highest nicotine content. The design of this study is experimental laboratory. Tobacco leaf samples were taken from tobacco producing regions in Indonesia. Nicotine was isolated from tobacco leaves using ethanol 96%. Quantitative analysis of nicotine compound was carried out using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). The result showed nicotine content in tobacco leaf samples ranged 0.08-2.53% and the highest nicotine content is in tobacco samples from Purwodadi.
Physical and chemical characterization of smokeless tobacco products in India
Scientific Reports, 2023
The rapid proliferation of smokeless tobacco (SLT) in India has occurred without adequate information on the possible dangers and toxicity of these products. Tobacco flavors as well as nicotine (both protonated and un-protonated) are responsible for health dangers and addiction. The study aimed to offer information on the physical characteristics of commonly used smokeless tobacco products (including microscopic analysis), along with nicotine content (both total and un-protonated), pH, moisture, and flavors. The Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) validated by the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized Tobacco Testing Laboratory TobLabNet) were applied for the analysis of various constituents of the SLTs. The microscopic analysis indicated that some of the SLT products like khaini were finely processed and available in filter pouches for users' convenience and prolonged use leading to prolonged retention and addiction potential. Nicotine absorption and availability (both protonated and un-protonated) are affected by moisture and pH. Essences provide a pleasant aroma and flavor, with an increased risk of misuse and other health problems. Few chewing tobacco and Zarda had the lowest levels of un-protonated nicotine (0.10-0.52% and 0.15-0.21%, respectively), whereas Gul, Gudhaku, and Khaini had the highest levels, ranging from 95.33 to 99.12%. Moisture and pH ranged from 4.54 to 50.19% and 5.25-10.07 respectively. Menthol (630.74-9681.42 µg/g) was the most popular flavour, followed by Eucalyptol (118.16-247.77 µg/g) and camphor (148.67 and 219.317 µg/g). SLT's health concerns and addiction dangers are exacerbated by the high proportion of bioavailable nicotine coupled with flavors. The findings of this study have important implications for the regulation and use of SLT in countries where use of SLT is prevalent. Smokeless tobacco GCMS Gas chromatograph, and mass spectrometer FID Flame ionization detector SEAR South-East Asia Region SOP Standard operating procedure WHO TobLabNet World Health Organization Tobacco Laboratory Network WHO FCTC World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Smokeless tobacco is a complex chemical mixture that contains a variety of chemicals and additives, including flavors, areca nut, and slaked lime, and used with betel leaves 1 . Smokeless Tobacco (SLT) products are extremely complex, containing almost 4000 compounds, many of which are hazardous, mutagenic, and carcinogenic 2
Exploration Germplasm of Tobacco In East Java
BIO-CONS : Jurnal Biologi dan Konservasi, 2022
Conservation of germplasm is absolutely necessary in order to repair a plant species. The first step in order to get the desired genetic properties is by germplasm exploration. The aim of this research was to get the germplasm of tobacco in East Java. Exploration was conducted in July, August and September 2018 in East Java. Determination of appropriate areas for exploration based on the result of discussion and suggestions from Department of Agriculture and leader in that community. The activity of exploration was conducted by researchers by come in the crop location directly. The result of this exploration showed that; (1). There are 16 types of tobacco in 6 districts of East Java province, among others; Krosok, Kasturi, Burley, Benyak, Semporis, Moris DB, Besuki, Tambeng, Kayu Mas, Mersi, BB, K3 19, Jowo, Krempol Jati, Prancak 95 and Jepon Raja, (2). There are similar types of tobacco in 2 districts (Probolinggo and Jember), namely Kasturi tobacco. This is related to the spread ...
2015
Sun-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is one of the most important industrial crops for Greece and other Mediterranean countries. A field experiment was conducted in 2012 and 2013 under organic conditions in Agricultural University of Athens in order to compare the growth, yield, nicotine and sugar content of three Greek sun-cured tobacco cultivars at two between-row spacings. Three cultivars of the Greek Basmas were sown in a seedbed in a greenhouse and then transplanted in the field at distances 10–and 20–cm between rows. The experimental design was a split-plot in a randomized complete block with three replicates. Tobacco was harvested at 80, 95, 115, and 135 days after transplanting (DAT). Our results showed that wider row spacing resulted in lower yield than closer row spacing for all three cultivars. Cultivars × year interaction was significant for total yield. Tobacco yield ranged from 1315 to 1920 and −1 ield uality from 1545 to 2090 kg ha , for the wider and narrower row sp...
Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021
Turkey has long been the leader in oriental tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) production in the world. Standard cultivars are needed to increase the yield and quality of tobacco production. This study aimed to determine the most stable cultivar candidates by evaluating the performances of tobacco genotypes grown in different environmental conditions. Field trials were carried out in Bafra district of Samsun Province, the district with most tobacco production in Mid-Black Sea Region, and Evciler, Karayaka and Gümüşhacıköy where the Basma type oriental tobaccos are produced. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with three replications in 2017. The study material consisted of 21 lines selected by morphological characteristics and identified by DNA fingerprinting analysis and four standard cultivars/lines. Chemical analyses were carried out using the HPLC method. The stability of genotypes was determined by regression coefficient (bi), regression constant (a), determination coefficient (r 2), coefficient of variation (CV) and deviation from regression (S 2 d) parameters using the leaf yield, quality grade index, nicotine and sugar content values. The ERB-6, ERB-7, ERB-11, ERB-13, ERB-16, ERB-18, ERB-21 and ERB-30 lines were considered the prominent candidates based on the stability parameters and other traits investigated. Therefore, future studies should be continued using the aforementioned lines. In conclusion, much more detailed studies are needed on hopeful cultivar candidates determined as stable for production areas of the Basma type oriental tobacco.