Survey of Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi under Ecosystem of Saudi Arabia (original) (raw)
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The present research was undertaken to explor the possibility of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association with Asteraceae plants in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia (Al-Ghat, Buraydah, Thumamah and Huraymila). AM fungal colonization in the roots, spore numbers in the rhizosphere soil, fungal species diversity and correlation between AM properties and soil properties were determined. The highest colonization was in Conyza bonariensis (65%) from Al-Ghat, Anthemis cotula (52%) from Buraydah and C. bonariensis (53%) from Thumamah. The lowest was in Vernonia schimperi (41%) from Al-Ghat, Pulicaria undulata (25%) from Buraydah, Acanthospermum hispidum (34%) from Thumamah, Asteriscus graveolens (22%) and V. schimperi (22%) from Huraymila. Vesicular and arbuscular colonization were also presented in all plant species examined. The number of spores were 112–207 in Al-Ghat, 113–133 in Buraydah, 87–148 in Thumamah and 107–158 in Huraymila. Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, G. fasciculatum and G. aggregatum were identified. Relative frequency of AM fungal species varied widely and was irrespective of location and plant species. Diversity index varied with the rhizosphere soils of different plant species at various locations. Soil properties varied with locations and no distinct correlations were observed among the soil properties, root colonization and the number of spores. The results of the present study specified the association of AM fungi in different plants of Asteraceae and its significance in the ecological functioning of annual plants in the punitive environments of the rangelands in Saudi Arabia.
Distribution of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in AlJabal Alakhdar Area, East Libya
2017
In order to investigate occurrence and distribution of Arbscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in Aljabal Alakhthar area, east Libya. Roots and rhizosphere soil of 49 cultivated plants belonging to 7 families from 8 locations were collected. The percentage of root colonized by AMF was estimated. Spores extracted from soil samples were counted and morphologically identified to genus. The results indicate that all examined plants were colonized by AMF. Colonization rate and spore abundance differed according to location and plant. Colonization rate range from 97% in Petro selinum at Alqubbah location to 29 % in Vicia faba at Almarj. While spore abundance range from 992 spores / 100gm soil accompanied with Vicia faba at West alawilia location to 121 spores / 100gm accompanied with Avena sativa at Alqubbbah. As average of all locations, the plants belonging to Apiaceae had the highest colonization percentage where the plants belonging to Cucurbitaceae had the highest spore abundance. Lumloda ...
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Diversity in Two Different Regions in Saudi Arabia
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2018
Desert environment is very challenging one for plant life due to the scarce, sporadic precipitation, nutrient deficiency, intense solar radiation, and the high temperature (Apple, 2010). Hence, desert plants show unique reproductive biology, well-adapted ecophysiological, anatomical characteristics, and specialized metabolism and survival abilities. Plant-associated microorganisms are critical components of native desert vegetation in which they are playing an active role in the survival of their plant partners. Soil drought is a widespread problem in the World, which restricts the plant growth and biomass production; particularly in arid and semi-arid regions such as in Saudi Arabia. Drought stress generally occurs when available soil water is reduced and water is continuously lost by the transpiration and/or evaporation as a result of atmospheric conditions.
The percentage infection in the roots of different species with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi varied widely and independently, irrespective of plant species. The overall highest infection was recorded in Petunia hybrida and Gaillardia pulchella (97%), which was followed by Calendula officinalis (90%), Cynodon dactylon and Ocimum sanctum (87%), Convolvulus arvensis (70%), Phoenix dactylifera (53%), Tagetes patula (43%) and the lowest infection was found in Sesuvium portulacastrum (33%). The maximum vesicles were found in P. hybrida (97%), which was followed by G. pulchella (80%), C. officinalis (67%), O. sanctum (60%) and the minimum was in P. dactylifera (7%). In case of total infection with arbuscules, again the highest percentage of infection was recorded with P. hybrida (73%) and arbuscules were not found with C. arvensis, S. portulacastrum. The second and third highest percentage infection of arbuscule was recorded with C. officinalis (63%) and O. sanctum (57%). The intensity of infection also varied widely and independently in each individual plant species and it was not always comparable to the percentage infection with different structure of the AMF. Spore population also varied irrespective of plant species. Highest number was recorded from the rhizosphere soils of P. hybrida and the lowest number was found with S. portulacastrum. So far, this is the first report of extensive study on structural colonization and spore population study of AM fungi from a large number of plant species from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Introduction: The study of symbiotic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and medicinal plants is very important. Information about the symbiosis of medicinal plant species with AMF in the semi-arid regions of Iran is rare. This information allows increasing knowledge of the biology and ecology of these plant species. Materials and methods: The existence of AM symbiosis in 48 medicinal plant species (belonging to 9 families) was studied by root staining. Soil around the root of each species was sampled and analyzed for all soil properties which may be interrelated to AM symbiosis. The importance of different soil properties in AMF and plant biological relationship and the dependency of root colonization and spore formation by AMF on soil properties were statistically analyzed. Results: Among them Lepidium sativum, Brassica oleracea, Cheiranthus cheiri, Beta vulgaris, Spinacia oleracea, Malva sylvestris, Zygophyllum fabago, Arctium Lappa have not been colonized by AM fungi. Colonization and spore density of perennial plants were slightly higher than those of annual plants and were varied among different plant families. Soil texture and available phosphorous were the most important soil properties affecting fungal root colonization and spore numbers. Discussion and conclusion: Although in accordance with other researches, most of the medicinal plants from Brassicaceae family had no mycorrhizal symbiosis, a few of them had this type of symbiosis. Dependency of spore formation by AM fungi on soil properties was higher than dependency of root colonization percentage on soil properties. Increasing root colonization and spore numbers with increasing the percentage of sand and decreasing the percentage of clay and available phosphorous in soils show that plants are more depended on mycorrhizal symbiosis in hard environments and less productive soils. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Medicinal plants, Soil properties, Root colonization
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI FROM SOME CULTIVATED CROP PLANTS OF SINDH, PAKISTAN
The purpose of present survey was to study the diversity of AM fungal spore in different field crops (maize, brinjal, chillies, sponge gourd, tomato, rice, sugarcane and cotton) of Sindh i.e. their identification, quantification and their per cent root colonization. Thirteen AMF species belonging to four genera A. bireticulata and Scutellospora dipapillosa) were found to be associated with eight monocotylenous and dicotyledonous crop species grown in Sindh. Glomus mosseae, and G. leptotichum were the most frequent AMF species each of which associated with eight cultivated crops. Gigaspora margarita associated with 7 crops. Scutellospora dipapillosa associated with two crops only – maize and cotton. Generally, most of the AMF species associated with 4 to 6 different crops. Two AMF species, G. mosseae and G. leptotichum were the most frequent and maximally associated with cultivated crops (8 crops each) and G. claroideium with 7 crops. Cotton from Hyderabad region harboured maximum number of AMF species in 60% of the samples. AMF species associated with cotton of Khairpur region in substantially lesser number. Maize harboured five AMF species and Brinjal, chilies sponge gourd, sugar cane and rice harboured only 3 to 4 AMF species. The number of spores per 100g soil were the maximum (4251.7 ± 54.56) in maize and the lowest in cotton (1049.73 ± 44.05 to 1187.57 ± 79.12 spores per 100g soil). Root colonization was generally of low order and below 40%.
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI FROM SOME COASTAL PLANTS OF KARACHI (PAKISTAN
Fourteen species of angiosperms belonging to 11 genera and 8 families were tested for their association with AM fungi in their roots and rhizospheres in Hawkes Bay coastal environment of Karachi, Pakistan. Thirteen species of AM fungi belonging to four genera were found to associate with the angiosperms. Among these fungi, Genus Glomus was the most dominant genus – represented by nine species. The maximum number of AM fungi (8) associated with a legume, Lotus garcinii, followed by a composite Launaea resedifolia (7 AM fungi) and a grass Aeluropus lagopoides (7 AM fungi). The lowest number of AM fungi (2) associated with Atriplex griffithii and Avicennia marina. Each of the 14 species tested for AMF occurrence had at least association with one Glomus species. The number of Glomus species associated with some angiospermic species was quite substantial. The frequency of occurrence of AM fungi with the angiospermic species, Glomus macrocarpum was the most frequent fungi (57.14%), Glomus epigaenum and Gigaspora geosporum associate with 7 angiospermic species each. (Freq: 50%). Glomus leptotichum and Gigaspora margarita associated with 6 species each (Freq: 42.86%) and Glomus mossaee, Acaulospora laevis and A. birecticulata had frequency of 35.71% (association of each AM fungi with five angiospermic species. The number of AMF spores per 100 g rhizospheric soil of angiospermic species varied substantially (CV: 48.7%) amongst the species tested and averaged to a grand mean of 400.31 ± 52.09 spore. The number of AMF spores were lesser than the grand mean in case of Cyperus longus, Indigofera argentea, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Heliotropium subulatum, Heliotropium sp. and Suaeda sp. whereas the number of AMF spores were near equal to grand mean value in case of species viz. Aeluropus lagopoides, Atriplex griffithii and Suaeda fruticosa. The number spores were considerably larger than the grand mean value in A. marina, C. cretica, L. resedifolia, L. garcinii, and Cyperus sp. Root colonization (%) also varied substantially amongst the angiospermic species (CV: 49.59%) and averaged to a grand mean of 22.40 ± 2.97. Root colonization happened to be lesser than the grand mean value in Atriplex griffithii, Cyperus longus, Indigofera argentea, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Heliotropium sp., Launaea resedifolia and Suaeda sp. and substantially larger than the grand mean value in Aeluropus lagopoides, Avicennia marina, Cressa cretica, Heliotropium subulatum, Lotus garcinii, Suaeda fruticosa, and Cyperus sp. The mean number of AMF spores per 100 g rhizospheric soil was quite larger in magnitude in Families Leguminosae and Asteraceae and somewhat equally moderate in Families such as Convolvulaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae. AMF clusters were recognized by Ward method of Hierarchical clustering – each cluster was a collection of highly similar species. Cluster A: Glomus clariodeum + Glomus geosporium; Cluster B: Gigaspora margarita; Cluster C: Glomus epigaenum + Acaulospora birecticulata + Scutellospora dipapillosa; Cluster D: Glomus scaledonium + Glomus leptotichum; Cluster E: Glomus mosseae + Glomus intraradices; Cluster F: Glomus clariodeum + Glomus macrocarpum + Acaulospora laevis The following seven clusters of angiospermic species were recognized on the basis of presence or absence of AMF species. Each cluster was a collection of closely similar species. Cluster A: A. marina + S. fruticosa; Cluster B: Ipomoea pes-caprae + Cyperus longus; Cluster C: Cressa cretica + Heliotropium sp.; Cluster D: Lotus garcinii; Cluster E: Indigofera argentea + Suaeda sp., Cluster F: Launaea resedifolia + Cyperus sp.; Cluster G: Atriplex griffithii + Heliotropium subulatum + Aeluropus lagopoides.
From isolation to application: a case study of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Arabian Peninsula
Symbiosis, 2021
The vegetation in the Arabian Peninsula experiences drought, heat, soil salinity, and low fertility, mainly due to low phosphorus (P) availability. The beneficial mycorrhizal symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a key factor supporting plant growth under such environmental conditions. Therefore, AMF strains isolated from these soils might be useful as biotechnological tools for agriculture and revegetation practices in the region. Here we present a pioneering program to isolate, identify, and apply AMF isolated from rhizosphere soils of agricultural and natural habitats, namely date palm plantations and five native desert plants, respectively in the Southern Arabian Peninsula. We established taxonomically unique AMF species as single-spore cultures as part of an expanding collection of AMF strains adapted to arid ecosystems. Preliminary experiments were conducted to evaluate the abilities of these AMF strains to promote seedling growth of a main crop Ph...
Journal of Arid Environments, 2003
This study was conducted to evaluate the population of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the semi-rid agro-ecosystem of North Jordan and to evaluate the effect of the biotic and abiotic factors on AMF population. Soil samples were collected from 12 locations where several soil samples were collected from each location. The collected soil samples were analysed for chemical and physical properties and spores were separated from the soil by the floating-adhesion technique and examined by the dissecting microscope. The AMF spores densities vary among locations and crops. The spore density was relatively low, with the highest observed under fruit trees and the lowest under a fallow system. Eight species were identified. Glomus mosseae was the most common species among samples, which was found in 85% of the soil samples collected. G. geosporum was found in 20%, while G. constrictum and G. clarum were found in 10% of the samples collected. G. caledomium was found in 8% of the samples. The lowest occurrence was observed for the G. monosporum and G. clariodum, which were found in only 5% of samples collected. Twenty percent of the samples collected contained Acaulospora spp. The spore density was not clearly affected neither by the host plants nor by the location, which suggest the absence of location or plant specificity for the AMF observed in soils of North Jordan. This may suggest that other factors could have an effect on mycorrhizal distribution. Therefore, biotic factors may be relatively less important than abiotic factors for establishing population patterns. The spore density of AMF had a very weak correlation with the soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC), and no significant correlation with the percentages of soil clay and silt particles. The organic matter (OM) and CaCO 3 percentages were significantly positively correlated with AMF spore density. On the other hand, the AMF spore density was negatively related to the soil phosphorus. In conclusion, the G. mosseae was the most common AMF species and no host plant or geographic location specificity was observed, suggesting the population of AMF species was affected mainly by abiotic factors and cropping patterns.