Serum metabolite concentrations and enzyme activities in finishing bull calves fed different types of high-grain diets (original) (raw)
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Influence of grain processing in regard to serum metabolites and enzymes for finishing bull calves
Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 2011
This study compared two grain processing methods that are widely used for beef cattle, grinding and steam pelleting, with respect to serum metabolic parameters: glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), serum urea nitrogen (SUN), total serum protein (TSP), albumin, L-lactate, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and amylase. Ten Belgian Blue bull calves were allotted randomly to each of two experimental groups: PF, fed pelleted concentrate, and GF, fed ground concentrate. During the 77-day study most parameters underwent significant variation in time, increasing only numerically serum values of total protein, albumin, AST and amylase, while serum glucose, NEFA and GGT decreased numerically. Statistically significant differences were found only between groups PF and GF for creatinine (higher in group PF, in relation with its greater average body weight) and urea nitrogen, which for unknown causes fluctuated in opposite directions in the two groups throughout most of the study and attributable to changes in ruminal protein digestion. Neither serum glucose nor L-lactate were affected by treatment of grains.
Metabolic profile of cattle receiving “Max Beef” whole grain diet
Revista Agraria Academica, 2020
The current study aimed to characterize the effects of diet based on whole corn grain on the dynamics of clinical parameters and biochemical metabolites of confined cattle. Twenty young mixed-breed cattle, with a mean weight of 332 kg, were used, divided into two experimental groups. The experimental group (G1; n=15), composed of animals fed only Max Beef Whole Grain diet and the control group (G2; n=5), composed of animals fed with sugarcane bagasse and the Max Beef Grain Whole grain diet, in the ratio 30:70. Blood samples were taken for analysis of different biomarkers of the energy, protein and enzymatic activity. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System program, and for all analyzes, the 5% probability level was adopted. The cattle in the G1 group showed characteristic clinical manifestations of ruminal acidosis. Inference from the G1 diet on some analyzed variables occurred, highlighted in the energy profile, without putting the animals' health at risk. However, for the use of this type of diet, careful food planning is recommended, especially during the animals' adaptation period.
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of five different ratios of barley grain to maize grain: 1) 100:00, 2) 75:25, 3) 50:50, 4) 25:75, and 5) 00:100 on feedlot performance, carcass quality, ruminal and blood parameters of twenty-five Holstein bulls. Quadratic effects were detected for carcass efficiency and were greatest for diets with barley grain-to-maize grain ratios of 75:25 and 50:50 compared with other diets. Also, back-fat thickness, abdominal fat, and meat ether extract increased as the proportion of maize increased in the diets (P < 0.05). When the proportion of maize in diets increased, the amount of undigested grain in feces increased linearly (P < 0.05). At 3 and 6 h after feeding, as the proportion of barley increased in the diets, ruminal pH decreased quadratically. We conclude that feeding bulls diets based on 50:50 and 75:25 barley-to-maize grain ratios resulted in higher carcass efficiency and optimal ruminal parameters.
Poljoprivreda, 2017
The aim of this study was to determine whether increase in proportion of the rumen undegradable starch (RUS) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) affects the production performance and health status of calves. The experiment was done on 36 Holstein, seven-day-old calves, divided into three groups of 12 calves, with equal sex ratio. The experiment was conducted in two periods. In the first period, calves were fed with full pasteurized milk and milk replacer and additionally fed with starter mixture with different proportions of rumen undegradable protein and starch: Group I 36.6% RUP and 16.5% RUS, Group II 49.1% RUP and 27.6% RUS and Group III 53.5% RUP and 36.5% RUS. In the second period, calves were fed with milk replacer and grower mixture with different proportions of rumen undegradable protein and starch: Group I 33.5% RUP and 15.8% RUS, Group II 48% RUP and 26.3% RUS and Group III 54.3% RUP and 34.6% RUS. In the first period, calves from the Group III had significantly (P<0.01) higher body weight compared to calves in Group I and II (74.75; 59.36; 66.58 kg), as well as daily weight gain (0.76, 0.49, 0.61 kg/d). At the end of the experiment, there was no significant difference in body weight and daily weight gain. The calves in Group I and III had significantly (P<0.05) higher consumption of starter mixture compared to the calves in Group II (7.48; 7.11; 4.33 kg/d), and a significantly (P<0.05) higher overall feed consumption compared to the calves in Group II. The calves in Group II and III had significantly (P<0.05) better feed conversion ratio than the calves in Group I (1.37; 1.50; 2.08 kg/kg). The results of health monitoring (diarrhea, pneumonia) indicate a different proportion of rumen undegradable starch and protein ratio did not have significant effect on calves' health.
Impact of Cattle Feeding Strategy on the Beef Metabolome
Metabolites
The present study explored changes in the meat metabolome of animals subjected to different finishing systems and growth rates. Thirty-six Angus × Nellore crossbred steers were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments: (1) feedlot system with high average daily gain (ADG; FH); (2) feedlot system with low ADG (FL); (3) pasture system with high ADG (PH); and (4) pasture system with low ADG (PL). After harvest and chilling, Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle samples were taken for metabolite profile analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance. Spectrum was analyzed using chenomx software, and multi- and mega-variate data analyses were performed. The PLS-DA showed clear separation between FH and PL groups and overlap among treatments with different finishing systems but similar for matching ADG (FL and PH) treatments. Using a VIP cut-off of around 1.0, ATP and fumarate were shown to be greater in meat from PL cattle, while succinate, leucine, AMP, glutamate, carnosine, in...
Doses of enzyme complex in a high-energy diet on performance and carcass traits of feedlot steers
Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2018
The objective of this study was to evaluate the production performance and carcass traits of feedlot steers fed a high-energy diet supplemented with doses of an enzyme complex (0, 2.5, 5.0, and, 7.5 g animal-1 day-1). Thirty-two ½ Angus ½ Nellore crossbred steers at an average age of 12 months and an average initial weight of 422 kg, were kept in a feedlot for 77 days. The roughage-free diet was composed of a mixture of whole corn grain and a protein-mineral-vitamin mix at a constant ratio of 85:15, on a dry matter basis. A completely randomized block design was adopted, consisting of four treatments and four replicates, in which each replicate was represented by a stall with two animals. Each gram of product added to the diet led to a decrease of 0.0818 kg in daily dry matter intake (DMI), whereas fat thickness at the ribs and at the hindquarter increased by 0.3850 and 0.080 mm, respectively. Feed efficiency increased by 0.0054 kg BW kg DMI-1 per gram of enzyme added. Apparent dry matter digestibility had a quadratic response, with maximum digestion manifested at the dose of 4.78 g animal-1 day-1. The gradual inclusion of enzyme complex reduces the DMI but increases feed efficiency and carcass fat cover of feedlot steers.
Acid–base status and serum l-lactate in growing/finishing bull calves fed different high-grain diets
Livestock Science, 2009
This study evaluated the influence of diet grain mix on the serum acid-base balance and productive performance of calves maintained on high-grain diets in a commercial feedlot system, monitoring progress over the entire 140-day productive cycle (i.e. both the growing and finishing periods). Thirty 14-week-old Belgian Blue bull calves were randomly allotted in equal numbers to one of three experimental groups defined by whether the cereal grain in their diet was predominantly corn (group C), predominantly barley (group B), or predominantly a mixture of corn and barley in approximately equal proportions (group CB). Blood pH, pCO 2 , HCO 3 − , base excess and serum L-lactate were determined, as were several productive performance variables. The three groups differed significantly with respect to their weights at the end of the growing period (CB N C N B), but not in final weight; group B gained significantly more weight and had a lower daily intake than either group C or group CB during the finishing period. At no time during the study period was altered ruminal function suggested by either clinical signs or blood parameters, possibly because of the relatively high crude protein (CP) contents of the feeds and the use of barley straw as forage. Nevertheless, HCO 3 − and base excess were significantly higher in group C than in the other groups during the growing period, suggesting that supplementation of a high-CP corn-based diet with bicarbonate could lead to alkalotic blood base values (group C was the only group to receive bicarbonate supplement in this study). Also, in group CB HCO 3 − and base excess were generally lower than in the other groups during both the growing and finishing periods, much of the time exhibiting a falling trend compatible with the use of blood bases to counteract overproduction of ruminal acids; this behaviour, which may have been due to the lower dietary fibre content of the CB diet, does not support claims that diets with equal proportions of rapidly and slowly digested starch sources are more beneficial than those including only one of these starch source types. Serum L-lactate levels were almost invariably higher in group B than in group C, with group CB in between, in both the growing and the finishing periods; and a significant time × group interaction during the growing period suggests that the time course of serum L-lactate was determined mainly by the influence of diet on microbial growth rates in the rumen. Negative correlation between blood pH and pCO 2 around the switch between growing and finishing regimens suggests that diet may possibly modulate the influence of breed on pCO 2 , but further is required to examine this hypothesis.
2017
Starch (SS) and fermented fiber (FFS), as energy sources were included in Holstein bull calf diets to evaluate their growth performance, rumen fermentation pattern and concentration of insulin and selected blood metabolites. Fourteen Holstein bull calves (BW=94.5±2.1 kg; age 87±9 d) were allocated to treatments (n=7 calves per treatment) and the study lasted 10 weeks. The diets were based on barley grain and corn silage in SS and FFS treatments, respectively. Dry matter intake was decreased (P < 0.05) in SS compared to FFS treatment (7.83 vs. 8.21 kg/d), with SS treatment causing a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR). Growth indices (body length, withers height and heart girth) did not differ between two treatments (P > 0.05). Fecal score was more watery (= 3.1) in SS compared to FFS (= 2.4) treatment (P < 0.05). The SS diet increased propionate concentration but FFS increased acetate concentration in the rumen fluid. Blood glucose was increased, but beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) decreased in SS fed calves. Insulin concentration was greater by 2.1 µIU ml-1 in SS compared to FFS fed calves. Results showed that although the high starch diet decreased the feed intake and caused feces to contain more water, it improved energy status of the calves via decreasing BHB, increasing propionate concentration and improving glucose concentrations. The SSbased diet showed greater efficiency compared to FFS in bull calves.
Animals
The effects of a grain source (corn grain (CG) vs. barley grain (BG)) and starter protein content (19% vs. 22% CP, dry matter basis) on growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites were evaluated in Holstein dairy calves. Forty 3-day-old female calves with a starting body weight of 39.3 kg were subjected to four treatments in a completely randomized design with two by two factorial arrangements. Treatments were: (1) CG + 19% CP (CG-19CP); (2) CG + 22% CP (CG-22CP); (3) BG + 19% CP (BG-19CP); and (4) BG + 22% CP (BG-22CP). All calves were weaned at 59 days of age and remained in the study until 73 days of age. Starter and total DM intake were not affected by grain source and dietary protein content (p > 0.05). The average daily gain and feed efficiency were improved, and ruminal total short-chain fatty acid, propionate, and butyrate concentrations were increased in BG calves compared to CG calves (p < 0.05). The ruminal concentrations of ammoni...
British Journal of Nutrition, 2000
Eighteen pure-bred steers (live weight 350 kg) from each of two breeds, Aberdeen Angus (AA) and Charolais (CH), were split into three equal groups (six animals each) and offered three planes of nutrition during a 20-week period. The same ration formulation was offered to all animals with amounts adjusted at 3-week intervals to give predicted average weight gains of either 1·0 kg/d (M/M group) or 1·4 kg/d (H/H group). The remaining group (M/H) were offered the same amount of ration as the M/M group until 10 weeks before slaughter when the ration was increased to H. Data on animal performance, carcass characteristics and fibre-type composition in skeletal muscle are presented elsewhere (; ). On three occasions (17, 10 and 2 weeks before slaughter) the animals were transferred to metabolism stalls for 1 week, during which total urine collection for quantification of Nτ-methylhistidine (Nτ-MeH) elimination was performed for 4 d. On the last day, animals were infused for 11 h with [2H5] ...