Effects of arousal level and below-zero habituation training on the spontaneous recovery and dishabituation of the orienting response (original) (raw)
Related papers
Effects of arousal level on short- and long-term habituation of the orienting response
Physiological Psychology, 1976
The effects of sympathetic arousal level on short-and long-term habituation of the skin conductance response component of the orienting response (OR) were investigated in an experiment employing 28 subjects. Threat of shock was used to increase the arousal level of one group of subjects. These subjects were compared to a group which was not threatened by shock. Results indicated that threat of shock significantly increased tonic skin conductance level. More importantly, this increase in physiological arousal level was associated with decreased short-and long-term habituation of the OR. These results demonstrate that physiological arousal level significantly affects the habituation process.
Frontiers in Psychology, 2019
Habituation is defined as a decline in responding to a repeated stimulus. After more than 80 years of research, there is an enduring consensus among researchers on the existence of 9-10 behavioral regularities or parameters of habituation. There is no similar agreement, however, on the best approach to explain these facts. In this paper, we demonstrate that the Sometimes Opponent Processes (SOP) model of stimulus processing accurately describes all of these regularities. This model was proposed by Allan Wagner as a quantitative elaboration of priming theory, which states that the processing of a stimulus, and therefore its capacity to provoke its response, depends inversely on the degree to which the stimulus is pre-represented in short-term memory. Using computer simulations, we show that all the facts involving within-session effects or short-term habituation might be the result of priming from recent presentations of the stimulus (self-generated priming). The characteristics involving between-sessions effects or long-term habituation would result from the retrieval of the representation of the stimulus from memory by the associated context (associatively generated priming).
Sensitization-habituation may occur during operant conditioning
Psychological Bulletin, 1996
Operant response rates often change within experimental sessions, sometimes increasing and then decreasing. The authors attribute these changes to sensitization and habituation to aspects of the experimental situation presented repeatedly (e.g., reinforcers) or for a prolonged time (e.g., the experimental enclosure). They describe several empirical similarities between sensitization-habituation and within-session changes in operant responding. They argue that many alternative explanations for within-session changes in operant responding can be dismissed. They also examine some implications of linking the literatures on habituation and operant responding. Because responding follows a similar pattern in several other cases (e.g., human vigilance, classical conditioning, and unconditioned responding), 2 relatively simple processes may be responsible for the temporal patterning of behavior in a wide variety of situations.
Simulation of the filtering role of habituation to stimuli
2005
Within the psychological literature there are a number of models that reproduce the defining properties of habituation to a single stimulus. However, most of them do not reproduce the phenomenon of dishabituation shown in empirical studies, consisting in the recovery of a stimulus previously habituated upon the appearance of a novel stimulus. The present work offers a model of habituation which, in addition to reproducing the basic properties of habituation to a stimulus, also does so when more than one stimulus is presented, and thus includes the dishabituation phenomenon. This model consists of two functions, one called "activation" and the other "availability", and is tested by means of simulation of the responses in the context of different stimulus patterns. The results of the simulation show a good qualitative fit to the empirical results on the phenomena of habituation, including dishabituation. In addition, the model is suitable for inclusion in associative models that reproduce classical conditioning, which will make it possible in the future to incorporate into these the influence that the habituation of each stimulus may have on its association with other stimuli.
Factors determining the effects of associative activation on habituation
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2009
In 2 experiments, rats received flavor-aversion conditioning with two flavors, B and C, to which they had been preexposed. In both experiments, C was preexposed in compound with another flavor in a block of CX trials. In Experiment 1, B was presented in compound with Y, and BY trials were alternated with presentations of Y alone. In Experiment 2, B was presented in compound with X, and BX trials were alternated with presentations of X alone. No difference was detected in Experiment 1 between B and C in the ease with which they conditioned, but in Experiment 2 it was found that B conditioned more readily than C. This latter result is consistent with the hypothesis that experience with the associate of a target stimulus can act to maintain the effective salience of that stimulus; however, the results of Experiment 1 challenge this interpretation or indicate the operation of other factors that limit the effectiveness of this salience modulation process.
Habituation of the orienting reflex and the development of Preliminary Process Theory
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 2009
The orienting reflex (OR), elicited by an innocuous stimulus, can be regarded as a model of the organism's interaction with its environment, and has been described as the unit of attentional processing. A major determinant of the OR is the novelty of the eliciting stimulus, generally operationalised in terms of its reduction with stimulus repetition, the effects of which are commonly described in habituation terms. This paper provides an overview of a research programme, spanning more than 30 years, investigating psychophysiological aspects of the OR in humans. The major complication in this research is that the numerous physiological measures used as dependent variables in the OR context fail to jointly covary with stimulus parameters. This has led to the development of the Preliminary Process Theory (PPT) of the OR to accommodate the complexity of the observed stimulus-response patterns. PPT is largely grounded in autonomic measures, and current work is attempting to integrate electroencephalographic measures, particularly components in the event-related brain potentials reflecting aspects of stimulus processing. The emphasis in the current presentation is on the use of the defining criteria of the habituation phenomenon, and Groves and Thompson's Dual-process Theory, in the development of PPT.
Effects of habituation and classical conditioning on reflex modification
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 1990
Reflex modification is the inhibition or facilitation of a reflex by a stimulus (Sl) occurring prior to a reflex-eliciting stimulus (S2). Two experiments were conducted that investigated the effects of habituation of the orienting response (OR) and classical conditioning on reflex modification of skin conductance responses (SCRs). During the first phase of Expt. 1 two groups (Group Sl and the Control group) received pre-presentations of Sl (200 Hz). Another group (Group S3) received pre-presentations of a different tone (S3, 3000 Hz). During the second phase, Groups Sl and S3 received pairings of Sl with S2 (white noise), whereas the Control group received pairings of S2 with Sl. The predictions were: if the OR to Sl produces reflex modification of the response to S2, then Group Sl and the Control group will display larger SCRs on the first trial of the second phase of the experiment compared to Group S3, in which the OR to Sl will produce reflex modification. However, if conditioned diminution of the unconditioned response (UR) elicited by Sl produces reflex modification of the response to S2, then there should be no initial differences between the groups in the second phase of the experiment. The results showed that SCRs in Group Sl were significantly larger in the second phase compared to Group S3. This result favors an OR explanation of reflex modification. In Expt. 2, the effect of conditioned diminution of the UR on reflex modification was further investigated. Three groups received the following treatments during the first phase of the experiment: Group S2 received pre-presentations of S2 (white noise), Group S3 received pre-presentation of S3 (3000 Hz), and the Control group received pairings of Sl (200 Hz) with S2. During the second phase all three groups received pairings of Sl with S2. Slower development of conditioned diminution of the UR was predicted in Group S2. There was no difference between the groups during the second phase, which is not in accordance with predictions from conditioned diminution of the UR theory. 0167-8760/90/$03.50 0 1990 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division) Psychophysiology, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 3-67. Waid, W.M. (1979) Perceptual preparedness in man: brief forewarning reduces electrodermal and psychophysical response to noxious stimulation. Psychophysiology, 16: 214-221.