Hydrogen in fuel cells: An overview of promotions and demotions (original) (raw)
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Safiyanu Aminu, 2021
Hydrogen fuel cell technology represents one of the alternative solutions for future clean energy systems. This report reviews the specific characteristics of hydrogen energy, which recommends it as a clean energy to power stationary applications. The aim of review was to provide an overview of the sustainability elements and the potential of using hydrogen as an alternative energy source for stationary applications, and for identifying the possibilities of increasing the share of hydrogen energy in stationary applications, respectively.
Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy - Google Docs
Introduction to Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells Production and Storage of Hydrogen Energy Principle of Operation of Fuel Cells Need of Fuel Cells Efficiency of Fuel Cells Advantages and Applications Conclusion
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction of hydrogen-containing fuel with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Fuel cells are different from batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy comes from chemicals already present in the battery. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied. The first fuel cells were invented in 1838. The first commercial use of fuel cells came more than a century later in NASA space programs to generate power for satellites and space capsules. Since then, fuel cells have been used in many other applications. Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial, industrial and residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible areas. They are also used to power fuel cell vehicles, including forklifts, automobiles, buses, boats, motorcycles and submarines Working It has two electrodes where the reactions take place and an electrolyte which carries the charged particles from one electrode to the other. In order for a fuel cell to work, it needs hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). The hydrogen enters the fuel cell at the anode. A chemical reaction strips the hydrogen molecules of their electrons and the atoms become ionized to form H +. The electrons travel through wires to provide a current to do work. The oxygen enters at the cathode, usually from the air. The oxygen picks up the electrons that have completed their circuit. The oxygen then combines with the ionized hydrogen atoms (H +), and water (H2O) is formed as the waste product which exits the fuel cell. The electrolyte plays an essential role as well. It only allows the appropriate ions to pass between the anode and cathode. If other ions were allowed to flow between the anode and cathode, the chemical reactions within the cell would be disrupted. The reaction in a single fuel cell typically produces only about 0.7 volts. Therefore, fuel cells are usually stacked or connected in some way to form a fuel cell system that can be used in cars, generators, or other products that require power. The reactions involved in a fuel cell are as follows: Anode side (an oxidation reaction): 2H2 => 4H + + 4e-Cathode side (a reduction reaction): O2 + 4H + + 4e-=> 2H2O Net reaction (the "redox" reaction) The purpose of a fuel cell is to produce an electrical current that can be directed outside the cell to do work, such as powering an electric motor or illuminating a light bulb or a city. Because of the way electricity behaves, this current returns to the fuel cell, completing an electrical circuit. (To learn more about electricity and electric power, visit "Throw The Switch" on the Smithsonian website Powering a Generation of Change.) The chemical reactions that produce this current are the key to how a fuel cell works. There are several kinds of fuel cells, and each operates a bit differently. But in general terms, hydrogen atoms enter a fuel cell at the anode where a chemical reaction strips them of their electrons. The hydrogen atoms are now "ionized," and carry a positive electrical charge. The negatively charged electrons provide the current through wires to do work. If alternating current (AC) is needed, the DC output of the fuel cell must be routed through a conversion device called an inverter.
A Review on Production of Hydrogen from Renewable Sources and Applications for Fuel Cell Vehicles
International Journal of Sustainable Transportation Technology
Hydrogen gas is an energy carrier that has many advantages, including energy density for high mass and environmentally friendly. Hydrogen can be produced from various sources by numerous methods. Hydrogen production from renewable sources is interesting, due to the sustainable and inexpensive supply of the raw materials. Among the sources of renewable raw materials for hydrogen production are water and biomass with various production methods. It consists of the electrolysis of water with acidic and basic conditions, as well as thermochemical and biochemical biomass conversion.
Utilizing waste hydrogen for energy recovery using fuel cells and associated technologies
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2006
Electrochemical and other process industries frequently vent or flare hydrogen byproducts to the atmosphere. This paper will discuss hydrogen power conversion methods including fuel cells and combustion technologies. This paper presents an overview of some of the practical implementation methods available and the challenges that must be met. The pros and cons of distributing power to either the ac power system or dc process bus are examined. This technology is expected to become cost competitive as energy prices continue to climb and fuel cell proficiency matures.
The idea of converting chemical energy of fossil fuels directly into electricity already existed around the 1900, and resulted in large-scale experiments trying to oxidize coal and coal gas electrochemically in "piles".
GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLS
The prominence and sustainability of energy generation is global target which binds together the techno-industrial and socio-economic welfare of any developing country. Study carried out is a test on the proficiency of renewable energy through Hydrogen – Oxygen Fuel Cell to generate useful power supply. It attests that the set-up electrochemical fuel cell with the use of fuel value of hydrogen has the capability of converting the chemical energy involved in the process into electrical energy which generates electricity up to 13.44W with 11.20V making use of a short time duration of 12 – minutes with a small volume of hydrogen gas used (50ml) in the Hydrogen – Oxygen Fuel Cell Test Rig. One advantageous fact is that the end product of the reaction (water) is environmentally friendly, produces no emissions capable of depleting the ozone layer and also can be converted to home use for economical purposes. Obtained results at the test period are displayed on a characteristic curves which shows the relationship of the performance parameters such as electrical energy, power, voltage, electrical charge, etc. Meanwhile, in the process of the experiment; the converted energy was stored in an energy storage device in the test bed which was test run on rotary and lighting load component (Electromotor) in the test rig. Therefore, it is recommended that employing this innovative system in the energy sector will save the environment from decaying, and also as alternative means to the conventional system of energy generation. Thus, sustainability in electrical power generation will drastically improve.