Evaluation of the control of citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) by leaf extracts of many plants and their effects on plant growth (original) (raw)
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES Effects Of Some Fungi And Bacteria As Bio-Control Agents Against Citrus Nematode
2012
The nematicidal effect of bacterial bio-control agents, i.e. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Sarratia marcescens and fungal bio-control agents, i.e. Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride were examined against Tylenchulus semipenetrans in vitro and in vivo tests. In vitro tests, the effect of cultural filtrates of bio-control agents was evaluated at concentrations of S and/or S/2. All bio-control agents were found to be highly nematostatic against J 2 of citrus nematode. B. subtilis at S concentration was more effective against j 2 of nematode after 72h exposure time, since the nematode mortality % was 100.0%, 99.9% and 99.2% for B. subtilis, S. marcescens and P. fluorescens, respectively. The effect of fungal bio-agents against j 2 was less compared with bacterial bio-control agents. As nematode mortality was 97.6%, 97.0%, 89.4% and 87.8%. For T. viride, T. harzianum, P. digitatum and A. niger, respectively At S concent...
Control of citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans in Nagpur Mandarin Orchard
Indian journal of nematology, 2004
A field trial for the control of the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans in a ten year old Nagpur mandarin orchard on rough lemon rootstock showed that the application of carbofuran 3G and phorate 10G, each at 1, 3 and 5kg a.i/ha reduced the nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) populations in soil and on roots significantly within one month of nematicide application. The repeated application of the nematicides after one year kept the namatode populations significantly lower as compared to non-repeated and check treatments. Increase in canopy volume was also significant in treatments where carbofuran and phorate were applied at 5kg a.i/ha during first year and in repeated treatments during second year. In second year, the fiuit yield was increased by 32.4 and 29.7% over check in the repeated treatments where carbofuran and phorate were applied each at 5 kg a.i/ha.
Three bacterial species of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) namely Paenibacillus polymyxa, Methylobacterium mesophilicum and Methylobacterium radiotolerans were tested alone or combined with humic acid as bio-control agents against the citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans under laboratory and field conditions. Results cleared that; all tested PGPR species produced IAA, HCN, ammonia, chitinase and protease enzymes and also solubilized phosphate in laboratory. P. polymyxa emphasized the superiority among other species in all PGPR properties except for phosphate solubilization, whereas M. radiotolerans showed highest amount of phosphorus solubilized in culture media. On the other hand, the results of the nematode survey conducted on orange, Citrus sinensis L. cv Balady grown in different localities of Ismailia and Sharkia Governorates during season 2019, revealed the presence of seven genera and species of plant-parasitic nematodes. Among which, T. semipenetrans occurred in all examined samples (100% frequency of occurrence) with a relatively high population density of 2330 and 2640 infected juveniles (J2) /250 g soil in Ismailia and Sharkia Governorates, respectively. Field experiments were conducted in two different locations, at Ismailia and Sharkia Governorates to assess the effectiveness of PGPR strains alone or combined to reduce the numbers of T. semipenetrans during season 2019. It was found that, all treatments caused significant (P≤0.05) reduction in T. semipenetrans population, compared to control treatment. The nematicide, Nemathorin® 10% G followed by P. polymyxa (20 L.fed -1 ) + foliar spraying of M. mesophilicm (5 L.fed -1 ) gave the highest efficacy in controlling the citrus nematode. Percentage reduction in numbers of J2/250g soil and adult females/1g roots for these treatments in Ismailia Governorate were 91% (85.7%) and 91.4% (89.5%), respectively. While the parallel values in Sharkia Governorate were 90% (87%) and 94% (90%), respectively. The combination of P. polymyxa and humic acid (20 L.fed -1 ) with foliar spraying of M. mesophilicm (5 L.fed -1 ) gained the third position. All treatments increased the fruit yield compared to control treatment. The highest percentages of increase were determined with Nemathorin (160% and 206%) followed by P. polymyxa + Humic acid (20 L.fed -1 ) + foliar spraying of M. mesophilicum (155.7% and 193%) and M. radiotolerans + P. polymyxa + foliar spraying of M. mesophilicum (153% and182%) in Ismailia, and Sharkia Governorates respectively.
PATHOGENICITY OF CITRUS NEMATODE (TYLENCHULUS SEMIPENETRANS) ON CITRUS JAMBHIRI
Citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) causes severe damage to citrus. In the present study the relationship between different initial densities of T. semipenetrans and reduction in growth parameters of Citrus jambhiri and nematode infestations was examined in pot experiment under greenhouse conditions using completely randomized design. Seedlings of C. jambhiri were inoculated with T. semipenetrans at the rate of 0, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 and 8,000 second stage juveniles/pot in the greenhouse. Data were collected on fresh and dry weights of the shoot and root, shoot length, nematode populations in the roots and soil and reproduction factor. All the data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Duncan's Multiple Range Test at 5%. The relationships between number of galls and growth variables and nematode infestations were determined using regression analysis. It was observed that all the inoculum densities caused reductions in growth parameters and were found directly proportional to the inoculum density. Similarly, a direct relationship was observed between root and soil populations of the nematode and inoculum levels. On the other hand, the nematode build up was the maximum at lower inoculum level and an inverse relationship was observed between reproduction factor and inoculum densities of the nematode.
2011
This study aimed to determine resistance level of some citrus cultivars to the citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb). Number of T. semipenetrans female penetrated per cm root not significantly different on all citrus cultivar. Number T. semipenetrans female per cm root on all citrus cultivar was < 1 nematode per cm root. This fact showed that Citrus jambhiri, C. reticulate, C. aurantium, C. nobilis, C. medica, C. macrocarpa, and C. hystryx ABC showed resistant reaction on T. Semipenetrans.
2019
Two years of experimental trials were conducted in Nigeria to investigate the effect of powdered and aqueous extract of citrus (sweet orange) peel in the management of root-knot nematodes of cowpea cultivar ‘IT96D-610’. Different concentrations of aqueous citrus (sweet orange) peel extracts were used as well as different amount of citrus (Sweet Orange) peel powder. As a standard check carbofuran was used. Furthermore, phytochemical screening was carried out to determine the presence of secondary metabolites, while GC-MS was used to identify the presence of some chemical compounds. Results in the present study showed, that the treated plants performed significantly higher than the untreated counterparts in terms of growth, yield and reduction of soil nematode population. Phytochemical screening of the secondary metabolites revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, sterols and alkaloids while the analysis by GC-MS revealed the presence of citral and β-caryoph...
Non-chemical based management of Tylenchulus semipenetrans, a major threat to the citrus industry
World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 2020
There is a vast variety of microbes available in soil performing diverse functions for plants including root colonization for protection against pathogens and nutrient acquisition. In the present study, efficacy of rhizospheric microbial strains and plant extracts were evaluated against citrus nematode for their nematicidal activity. Three different concentrations of plant extracts were evaluated in vitro, results depicts that 10% solution of Tagetes erecta (root) has given 46% the highest percentage mortality at 48hrs followed by Tagetes erecta (leaf) and Datura stramonium killed 41% and 37% nematodes respectively, similarly for 20% of plant extract in distilled water, the highest mortality rate was recorded for T. erecta (root) 68% followed by D. stramonium 47% and Acacia nilotica 44% at 48hrs of application. While using a higher concentration 30% of SS. the percentage mortality elevated multifold i.e. Marigold root has killed maximum 76% nematodes followed by Marigold leaves and...
Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 2020
A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) associating citrus trees in Alexandria, El-Behera and Kafr El-Shiekh governorates, northern Egypt was carried-out during 2017-2019 growing seasons. A total of 432 root and rhizosphere soil samples were collected from the surveyed citrus trees. Nematodes were extracted using sieving and Bearmann-pan techniques and, identified to the generic level, based on the morphological characters. Besides, the reaction of mandarine, Citrus deliciosa and lime, C. aurantifolia against the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, was determined under greenhouse conditions. Results showed that 9 genera of PPN were found in association with the surveyed citrus trees in the three governorates. The citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipentrans was found to be very common (frequency of occurrence (FO) = 100% in all the surveyed locations, followed by the stubby root nematodes, Trichodorus spp., and the lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp. The reaction of the two citrus cultivars; Mandarine, Citrus deliciosa and Lime, Citrus aurantifolia to T. semipenetrans showed that the two cultivars are susceptible to all the tested populations of T. semipentrans with a nematode reproduction factor (RF) was (1.67-2.6).The shoot and root dry weights of these cultivars were reduced as a result of the nematode infection.
Management of Pests and Pathogens Affecting Citrus Yield in Egypt with Special Emphasis on Nematodes
Egyptian Journal of Agronematology
Although citriculture ranks high in Egypt as a superior orange producer and exporter country, citrus yield should be further optimized via management of pests and pathogens that adversely affect citrus orchards. We throw light on the various groups of these citrus-damaging organisms to alarm for the significance of adopting adequate programs for their control. As many plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) species in Egypt and abroad; all but one, the citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans, of which are of limited distribution, this species was addressed herein in details. The citrus nematode could significantly reduce lemon yield. Before nematicidal application, growers and stakeholders should adopt strict quarantine and seedling certification programs, consider the limiting factor principle, and use appropriate nematode sampling and extraction methods. Moreover, bionematicides should be earnestly tried among other PPN management options in order to avoid human health hazards and attain pollution-free environment. Yet, holistic management should include not only nematodes but also other pests and pathogens of citrus in Egypt. We highlighted general production practices that should adequately tackle relevant citrus problems.
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 2017
Studies were conducted on the nematicidal properties of Jatropha curcas , Cymbopogon citratus and Chromolaena odorata and Carbofuran 5G. Consequently, hot water extracts of the plants and the nematicide at 20, 35 and 50 % concentrations were applied to 5-week old stem cuttings of T. triangulare in 5 kg of sterilized soil and inoculated with 5,000 eggs and second stage juveniles of M. javanica . The control had no nematode, plant extracts and cabofuran, thereafter uninoculated-untreated (Uit) and another had nematode suspension, but no extracts and nematicide [inoculated-untreated (Ut)]. The experiment was a factorial in a completely randomized design, with four replications. Data on the number of leaves, seeds and flowers, nematode population in the soil and root of T. triangulare including root galling index were obtained and subjected to Analysis of Variance. Results show that number of leaves was significantly (P≤0.05) higher in Uit (25.75) and carbofuran at 20% concentration (21...