Key Issues for a Potential Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine (original) (raw)
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Vaccine, 2009
Estimating the potential health benefits and expenditures of a partially effective HIV vaccine is an important consideration in the debate about whether HIV vaccine research should continue. We developed an epidemic model to estimate HIV prevalence, new infections, and the cost-effectiveness of vaccination strategies in the U.S. Vaccines with modest efficacy could prevent 300,000-700,000 HIV infections and save $30 billion in healthcare expenditures over 20 years. Targeted vaccination of high-risk individuals is economically efficient, but difficulty in reaching these groups may mitigate these benefits. Universal vaccination is cost-effective for vaccines with 50% efficacy and price similar to other infectious disease vaccines.
Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine an update
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 2013
Since the discovery of acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in late1980s, the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has reached pandemic proportions, representing a global developmental and public health threat. Finding of a safe, globally effective and affordable HIV vaccine offers the best hope for the future control of the disease pandemic. Significant progress has been made over the past years in the areas of basic virology, immunology, and pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS and the development of anti-retroviral drugs. However, the search for an HIV vaccine faces formidable scientific challenges related to the high genetic variability of the virus, the lack of immune correlates of protection, limitations with the existing animal models and logistical problems associated with the conduct of multiple clinical trials. Most of the vaccine approaches developed so far aim at inducing cell-mediated immune responses. Multiple vaccine concepts and vaccination strategies have been tested, including DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, live vectored recombinant vaccines, various prime-boost vaccine combinations and vaccine based on broadly neutralizing human anti-HIV Antibody 2G12. This article reviews the state of the art in HIV vaccine research, summarizes the results obtained so far and discusses the challenges to be met in the development of a successful HIV vaccine.
Insights on common vaccinations in HIV-infection: efficacy and safety
Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene
HIV-infected patients are at increased risk for both vaccine-preventable diseases and their complications, with mortality rates higher than in non-HIV-infected individuals. Consequently, international guidelines generally recommend inactivated vaccines in HIV-patients, even if HIV-related immunodeficiency may impair efficacy; live vaccines are usually not recommended in these patients because of safety concerns. The aim of this short article is to review current knowledge about both efficacy and safety of vaccines in HIV-infected individuals.
HIV vaccines: current challenges and future directions
Canadian HIV/AIDS policy & law review / Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, 2002
Volume seven of the Review will mark the tenth anniversary of the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network with a series of articles that describe past developments and future directions in several areas of policy and law related to HIV/AIDS. The following article is the first of these, discussing current challenges and future directions in the development of and access to HIV vaccines. It argues that governments are under public health, ethical, and legal obligations to develop and provide access to HIV vaccines. It further explains what is required for governments to fulfill their obligations: additional commitment and resources for HIV vaccine development in the context of increased global research and development regarding diseases of the poor; increased support and advocacy for partnerships to develop HIV vaccines; enhanced regulatory capacity in every country to review, approve, and monitor HIV vaccines; and assurance of global supply of, procurement of, delivery of, and access to vacc...
HIV Vaccination: A Roadmap among Advancements and Concerns
International journal of molecular sciences, 2018
Since the identification of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) as the etiologic agent of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), many efforts have been made to stop the AIDS pandemic. A major success of medical research has been the development of the highly active antiretroviral therapy and its availability to an increasing number of people worldwide, with a considerable effect on survival. However, a safe and effective vaccine able to prevent and eradicate the HIV pandemic is still lacking. Clinical trials and preclinical proof-of-concept studies in nonhuman primate (NHP) models have provided insights into potential correlates of protection against the HIV-1 infection, which include broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), non-neutralizing antibodies targeting the variable loops 1 and 2 (V1V2) regions of the HIV-1 envelope (Env), polyfunctional antibody, and Env-specific T-cell responses. In this review, we provide a brief overview of different HIV-1 vaccine approa...
The Epidemiological Impact of an HIV/AIDS Vaccine in Developing Countries
Many people see an effective preventive AIDS vaccine as the best solution to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Ten years ago many scientists had hoped that a vaccine would be available by now. Most scientists are still optimistic that vaccines will be developed and many candidates are being tested. Strategies to implement HIV/AIDS vaccination need to be developed to be ready when vaccines do become available. The nature of those programs will depend on the characteristics of each vaccine. How much does it cost? How effective is it? How long does protection last? The answers to these and other questions will help determine issues such as: What will be the impact of the vaccine on the epidemic? Who should be vaccinated? Will an AIDS vaccine be more cost-effective than other prevention measures? Will other measures still be necessary? What will happen to the epidemic if vaccination leads to riskier behavior? How much funding will be needed? The authors use two computer simulation models to invest...
HIV immunoprophylaxis: preparing the pathway from proof of concept to policy decision and use
The Lancet HIV, 2019
Various long-awaited efficacy studies of vaccines and broadly neutralising antibodies for prevention of HIV are now well underway in highly endemic settings. One broadly neutralising monoclonal antibody is being assessed for proof of concept, and combinations are in the pipeline. Two multicomponent prime-and-boost vaccine regimens are being evaluated, one of which is designed for global coverage. These multicomponent vaccines present a new level of complexity that will challenge health delivery systems. We recommend that while awaiting the results, which will appear in 2020-22, the target product profiles and full public value proposition for both categories of products should be defined, and the regulatory, policy, and implementation pathways should be prepared. Economic and health benefits, cost of goods, administrative complexity, and user perspectives will be key considerations for the roll-out of effective products. Investments in manufacturing capacity and public-sector delivery systems will be needed to prepare for product introduction and scale-up. We propose a prioritisation of activities on the basis of a broad stakeholder consultation organised by WHO and UNAIDS.