Residual trees injury assessment after selective cutting in broadleaf forest in Shafaroud (original) (raw)
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Felling and skidding damage to residual trees following selection cutting in Caspian forests of Iran
Journal of Forest Science
The felling and skidding damage to residual trees was investigated in a selectively cutting operation in the Caspian forest of Iran. The logging operation was performed by chainsaw and cable skidder. Prelogging, after felling and skidding operations residual tree injuries (species, DBH and damage) were inventoried by systematic plot sampling. Two types of tree damage were observed: destroyed and injured. In this study felling operations mainly injured trees whereas skidding was the main cause of destruction. The percentage of destroyed and injured residual trees by felling operations was 1.4% and 3.4%, whereas the percentage of destroyed and injured residual trees by skidding operations was 5.2% and 11.1%. About 87% of destroyed trees were found in the DBH class smaller than 22.5 cm. Maple and Alder were the most damaged trees among the other trees species. Damage to the lower bole and wood damaged intensity were the most common type of injury. To reduce the stand damage, skid ...
New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science
Background: The frequency of wounded trees and intensity of wounds during logging operations can have serious impacts on stand growth and forest sustainability. The aims of the study were to evaluate and compare stand (tree and regeneration) damage level, wound characteristics, and damage types occurring when using a cable skidder in salvage logging and selection cutting. Methods: This study was conducted on four sites of mixed uneven-aged hardwood stands in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. At two sites, salvage logging was applied (SL1 and SL2), and low-intensity selection cutting (SC1 and SC2) was applied at the other two. A systematic plot sampling design was used on the study area for damage assessment. Results: The percentage of regenerating trees damaged was 2.8, 2.1, 4.3, 1.4 %, in SL1, SL2, SC1, and SC2, respectively. The corresponding percentage of damaged trees was 4.3, 3.7, 4.9, 1.7 %. Most of the damage (48–79%) to the stand occurred during the winching stage at all the si...
In the uneven-aged mixed forests, logging operation is generally performed by using selection cutting method. However, logging activities result in serious residual stand damages during felling and skidding operations in these stands. Therefore, the effects of main factors on stand damage should be well understood by the logging managers to plan proper logging operations with minimum damage. In this study, the residual stand damages from a logging operation was studied in an uneven-aged mixed forest to examine the main factors (i.e. logging stages, tree species, and location, size, and type) affecting stand damages. Then, some of the suggestions and practices that can be implemented during logging operations to reduce stand damage were presented.
2011
Tavankar, F., Bonyad, A.E., Majnounian, B. 1Assist. Prof., Forest Sciences, khalkhal Branch, Islamic Azad University, KhalkhalIran. 2Assoc. Prof., Forest Sciences, University of Guilan, Natural Resources Faculty, Someh-SareIran. bonyad@guilan.ac.ir 3Prof., Forest Engineering, University of Tehran, Natural Resources Faculty, KarajIran. bmajnoni@ut.ac.ir Received: June, 2010 Accepted: Jan., 2011
Economic and environmental logging is important for sustainable wood production in the Caspian forests, north of Iran. Predetermination of the skid trail network and directional felling is a usual recommended method to reduce logging impact. The aim of this study was evaluation of directional felling and to find effective factors on felling error. Totally 135 trees were selected randomly for directional felling in mountainous forest in Nav watershed in Caspian forest. Felling error was calculated for each observation in relation with lay deviation of ground slope, tree length, tree lean, the extent of rot on stump, and tree volume by applying multiple regression models. Tree volume, interaction of tree volume and terrain slope, and extent of rot in the stump were the most influencing factors on felling error. Results suggest that felling workers should be enough trained in the proper use of tools and equipments. The most common tools and devices for manual felling are wedge and hydr...
Residual stand damage following ground-based skidding operation (Case study: Kheyrud Forest)
2011
Hyrcanian (Caspian) Forest in northern Iran has a richness of biological diversity, with endemic and endangered species. The use of ground-based skidding is well accepted practice for the extraction of timber from the forest, but this has tended to cause the greatest environmental problems. The aim of the study was to evaluate and comparison of environmental impacts, residual stand damage, regeneration, and to quantify these effects such as: extent of the damage, wounding patterns, size and distribution after logging operations that utilized two different methods: short-log and long-log. A Timberjack cable skidder was used and the study location was in the Kheyrud Forest. Post harvesting assessment of damage to the residual stand was compared along skid trail by 100% inventory method and also for the assessment of regeneration damage along winching strips. The results showed that along winching strips the percentage of damage to the regeneration was 44 and 36 %, while the tree damag...
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research, 2005
Tree felling is one of logging activity which is the beginning of timber utilization p[ocess. Tree felling is defined as a process to bring down tree and cut it into appropriate size f6r further use. In natural forest, this activity is conducted using selective cutting system. Welburn (1981) states that selective cutting technique and cutting direction create many problems in tree felling. An appropriate felling technique and felling tool should be considered as major factors to minimize resource waste. Generally, the technique carried out by chainsaw operator is based on his habit and ease without considering work standard. The most frequent error made is inappropriate cutting preparation (height, shape and size). Generally, mechanical tree felling results in highest rate of productivity. However, this technique often causes residual stand damage and forest floor damage as a result of mechanical tool operation, hasty work and inappropriate method. The damage is also found in timber, which results in waste of timber in felling plot. To avoid unexpected result, a technique that accommodates the economics and ecology needs has to be implemented. The efficient and effective technique used will determine the overall efficiency of timber utilization. In natural forest, there are inaccuracies that result in inefficient activity I. INTRODUCTION Keywords: felling technique, residual stand damage, increasing production, natural forest product The implementation of felling technique in logging companies is not yet carried out efficiently and appropriately. Study on the lowest possible felling technique (LPFf) is considered to be important to reduce residual stand damage and felling cost. This study was carried out in a logging company in West Kalimantan in 2004. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of LPFT on residual stand damage and felling cost. Data collected in this research include: residual stand damage, working time, timber volume, productivity, efficiency, stump height and felling cost. Two categories data were analyzed with respect to their possible differences using T-test. The result showed that the implementation of LPFT was more advantage impact compared to that of conventional felling technique, which is indicated by the following factors: (1) Trees damage decreased 2.96%; (2) Poles damage decreased 4.75%; (3) Felling productivity decreased 17.16%; (4) Felling efficiency increased approximately 3.2%; (5) Felling cost increased about Rp 327.07 / m'; and (6) in average stump height was 40.60 cm lower.
2017
One indicator of sustainable forest management is the minimum impact of residual stand damage caused by timber harvesting activities. This paper examines stand damage due to timber harvesting on hilly tropical forest, Central Kalimantan. The study was carried out using samples plot of 200 m x 100 m that was systematically placed on three selected cutting plots with different chainsaw operators working experience. Results showed that the degree of residual stands damage due to timber harvesting ranged between 19.37 – 34.9% with an average of 24.37% categorized as light stand damage. The average stands damage due to felling was 16.27% and skidding was 8.1%. Unexperienced chainsaw operators tend to cause greater damage than well trained chainsaw. Type of residual damage due to the felling on either sloping, rather steep or steep terrain was dominated by broken tree trunks. The most common type of residual stand damage due to skidding was the collapsed or tilted trees. The residual stan...
Stand damage when harvesting timber using a tractor for extraction _En
Damage to the remaining stand is an unavoidable consequence of thinning operations. The different machines used for timber extraction differ in the level of damage of trees they cause, mainly through wounds to the bark and cambium which can make a substantial impact on the remaining trees. Three different methods of timber harvesting with a chainsaw were analyzed: the short wood system (SWS), the long wood system (LWS) and the full tree system (FTS) in which an agricultural tractor is used for timber extracting. All systems were analyzed in stands containing three different age classes: 2 nd (21-40 years), 3 rd (41-60 years) and 4 th (61-80 years). The level of damage to the remaining stand was assessed considering the percentage of trees exhibiting wounds (scratched bark and/or damage to the cambium) to calculate an index of stand damage (WDI) which incorporated the volume of harvested timber per hectare. The SWS produced the lowest damage to trees in stands of all age classes: average 5%, with the less damage in the oldest stand. After using the LWS, 9% of trees were wounded; in this method there was no statistical difference in frequency of wounding across all the analyzed stands. The highest level of damage was incurred after the FTS, causing 11% of trees to be injured. In stands of the 2 nd age class, the method of timber harvesting had no statistically significant effect on the amount of wounding endured. The WDI was lowest in SWS: 0.08, higher in LWS: 0.15 and the highest, 0.23, when FTS was applied.
Selective Logging and Damage to Unharvested Trees in a Hyrcanian Forest of Iran
BioResources, 2012
Selective logging in mature hardwood stands of Caspian forests often causes physical damage to residual trees through felling and skidding operations, resulting in a decline in bole quality and subsequent loss of tree value. This study evaluated the logging damage to residual trees following logging operations. A total density of 5.1 trees/ha and 17.3 m3/ha of wood were harvested. On average, 9.8 trees were damaged for every tree extracted, including 8 trees destroyed or severely damaged. The most common types of damage included uprooted stems, stem wounds to the cambial layer, and bark scrapes. Damage to trees sustained along skid trails was found to be significantly more than the damage that incurred within logging gaps and winching areas. The results of this study suggest that logging practices also need to be accompanied by close supervision of field personnel and post-logging site inspections to be implemented properly.