Model for porous alumina template formation: constant voltage anodization (original) (raw)
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Materials Chemistry and Physics, 1993
The pore-filling method is a known process for measuring the porosity of porous anodic oxide layers on aluminium. This method has been used to study the relationship between the anodizing conditions and the porosity of the porous anodic film. In a series of experiments, the influence of the anodization voltage and temperature on the porosity of an anodization layer formed in 15 wt.% sulphuric acid was investigated. From these results a mathematical equation was deduced that gives the porosity as a function of the anodization voltage and temperature. In the second part of the study the height of the voltage jump, on which the thickness of the barrier layer at the start of the re-anodization process depends, was investigated as a function of the anodization voltage. A linear relationship was found between the voltage jump and the anodization voltage.
Advanced Materials Letters, 2012
Nanoporous alumina was produced by anodic oxidation of aluminum in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes. Previous reports indicate that nanoporous alumina is mainly produced from strongly acidic electrolytes, and with the use of a low freezing temperature controlled bath to control the propagation and growth of the pores. We design an in-house electrochemical cell with an electronic circuit box attached, to control the anodization of aluminum at room temperature. The electrolytes used were phosphoric acid solution and sodium hydroxide solution. The pH of the acidic electrolyte was adjusted to 1, 3 and 5 with an applied potential of 50V and anodization time of 1 and 3 hrs, respectively, while the alkaline electrolyte pH was adjusted to 9, 11 and 13 with an applied potential of 40V and the templates anodized for 5 hrs. The micrographs of the nanoporous alumina formed from these electrolytes confirm that the nucleation and growth of nanoporous alumina films is achievable with the aid of the electronic circuit box connected to the electrochemical cell.
Porous and mesh alumina formed by anodization of high purity aluminum films at low anodizing voltage
Thin Solid Films, 2014
Electrochemical oxidation of high-purity aluminum (Al) films under low anodizing voltages (1-10) V has been conducted to obtain anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) with ultra-small pore size and inter-pore distance. Different structures of AAO have been obtained e.g. nanoporous and mesh structures. Highly regular pore arrays with small pore size and inter-pore distance have been formed in oxalic or sulfuric acids at different temperatures (22-50°C). It is found that the pore diameter, inter-pore distance and the barrier layer thickness are independent of the anodizing parameters, which is very different from the rules of general AAO fabrication. The brand formation mechanism has been revealed by the scanning electron microscope study. Regular nanopores are formed under 10 V at the beginning of the anodization and then serve as a template layer dominating the formation of ultra-small nanopores. Anodization that is performed at voltages less than 5 V leads to mesh structured alumina. In addition, we have introduced a simple one-pot synthesis method to develop thin walls of oxide containing lithium (Li) ions that could be used for battery application based on anodization of Al films in a supersaturated mixture of lithium phosphate and phosphoric acid as matrix for Li-composite electrolyte.
Surface & Coatings Technology, 2019
The oxide barrier layer at the bottom of the pores has been successfully thinned by applying an exponential voltage decrease process followed by a wet chemical etching. The impact of the potential drop on the porous anodic alumina (PAA) structure has been deeply investigated, as well as the electrolyte temperature, the number of potential steps and the exponential decay rate. The results presented herein evidence that straight pores can be obtained and simultaneously remove the dielectric layer in spite of applying the exponential voltage decay during the PAA synthesis, through a smart adjustment between the anodization conditions and exponential voltage decay parameters. Additionally, the PAA structure can be tuned to fabricate hierarchically nanoporous templates with secondary pores ranging from 2 up to 10 branches. The presented simple procedure aims to become a standard step for the fabrication of the next generation PAA templates based devices.
Effect of Formation Voltage on the Pore Size of Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
This work is aimed to clarify the effect of formation voltage on the pore size of porous anodic aluminum oxide (PAAO) layer formed on commercially pure aluminum. The PAAO layers were obtained by anodization process in 0.3 M sulfuric acid solution at constant voltages of 10, 15, 20, and 25 V at 10°C. The structure and morphology of PAAO layers were characterized by using FE-SEM. The pore diameters which were estimated by using ImageJ software were 19.61 + 15.35 nm, 20.03 + 13.59 nm, 20.31 + 12.36 nm, 25.06 + 12.10 nm, and the wall thicknesses were 33 nm, 49.99 nm, 74.97 nm, 83.33 nm for the PAAO formed at 10, 15, 20 and 25V, respectively. The structure of the porous oxide layer became more uniform and organized, and the diameter of the pores increased linearly with applied voltage. High anodization voltage is known to cause Joule heating because of the fast movement of electrons and ions. It is believed that the Joule heat was transferred to the bulk electrolyte which results in larger pore diameter and interpore distance. The optimum condition to obtain high order PAAO is at 25 V.
Electrochimica Acta, 2010
A new approach for studying the effect of temperature on anodic oxide growth on aluminium is presented in this paper. Using an in-house developed electrode holder, anodizing is performed under conditions of applied and controlled electrode temperature. The influence of temperature on the process is evaluated by experiments in a broad temperature range for both the electrode and the electrolyte temperature. The electrochemical behaviour of the aluminium electrodes is demonstrated to be more susceptible to variations of the electrode temperature than to variations of the electrolyte temperature. Concerning the morphology of the anodic film it is shown that by cooling the electrode a normal oxide layer could be grown at high electrolyte temperatures, whereas anodizing in a cool electrolyte at high electrode temperature results in a collapsed porous structure at the oxide surface. Furthermore, the electrode temperature affects the formation ratio of the oxide to a larger extent than the electrolyte temperature, indicating its important influence even on the level of the ionic conductivity during anodic oxide growth. All observations indicate that merely considering the electrolyte temperature upon studying the influence of temperature on the process is not sufficient; the electrode temperature is much more determining.
Effect of the anodization voltage on the porewidening rate of
2012
A detailed study of the pore-widening rate of nanoporous anodic alumina layers as a function of the anodization voltage was carried out. The study focuses on samples produced under the same electrolyte and concentration but different anodization voltages within the self-ordering regime. By means of ellipsometry-based optical characterization, it is shown that in the porewidening process, the porosity increases at a faster rate for lower anodization voltages. This opens the possibility of obtaining three-dimensional nanostructured nanoporous anodic alumina with controlled thickness and refractive index of each layer, and with a refractive index difference of up to 0.24 between layers, for samples produced with oxalic acid electrolytes.
International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research
Nanoporous anodic alumina (AAO) was fabricated using one-step anodizing at room temperature and low voltage. All specimens were potentiostaticaly anodized at 5 V for 20 minutes in phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Morphology of the AAO layers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By anodizing at 20% (by vol.) phosphoric acid, a uniform porous structure with nearly parallel cylindrical pores, ~200 nanometers wide, were detected. The thickness of the porous layer was higher than the barrier layer. The electrochemical impedance test (EIS), using 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, confirmed the presence of a multi layers structure of a barrier layer and a porous layer with the highest resistance value (365.1 kΩ). Using AC impedance technique (IS), samples anodized in 20% (by vol.) phosphoric acid, proved to have the highest electrical resistance (26 kΩ), reflecting a po-rous structure formation. The mechanism of pores formation as well as electrical conductivity is to be discussed.
Thin Solid Films, 2018
Ordered porous anodic alumina (PAA) templates are of great interest as they facilitate the future development of nanodevices. The present study focuses on the impact of substrates with di fferent crystallographic orientations on the template's pore structure. Characteristics such as pore diameter, interpore distance, pore regularity, porosity, and circularity are calculated as a function of the anodization potential for three di fferent Al crystal orientations. The presented experiments reveal that the di fferent crystallographic orientations mainly impact the pore ordering, while other structural parameters, such as the pore diameter and interpore distance, are not significantly affected.
Medium effect on electrochemical behaviour of anodized aluminium
Journal of Materials Science, 1991
The effect of some anions on the growth of the oxide film on aluminium was studied in acid and neutral media, as well as the effect of pH in presence of the same anion. In all the cases studied an inner barrier layer is formed adjacent to the metal and is covered on top with a porous layer. This latter outer layer differentiates into two regions, the one adjacent to the solution being characterized by a more open structure and a higher degree of anion incorporation as compared to the region embedded between it and the inner barrier layer. The rate of dissolution of the barrier layer is not affected by pH or anion type prevailing in the formation medium, since this layer is formed of pure alumina. The dissolution of the outer porous layer, on the other hand, is affected by both pH and anion type.