Scaffolding Biomaterials for Cartilage Regeneration (original) (raw)
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The Use of Scaffolds in Cartilage Regeneration
Critical reviews in eukaryotic gene expression, 2018
Scaffolds are important tools in tissue engineering and play a unique role in tissue regeneration and repair of damaged tissues. A variety of natural, synthetic, and composite scaffold types can be used in cartilage tissue engineering. The limited capability of cartilage to repair itself has always been a problem during recovery from damage. The success of cartilage regeneration is dependent on a couple of factors, but the basic properties of scaffolds are biocompatibility, degradability under physiological conditions, and structural support for cell attachment. In this review, we summarize the use of different scaffold types in cartilage regeneration.
Biomaterials and scaffold design: key to tissue-engineering cartilage
Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 2007
Cartilage remains one of the most challenging tissues to reconstruct or replace, owing to its complex geometry in facial structures and mechanical strength at articular surfaces in joints. This non-vascular tissue has poor replicative capacity and damage results in its functionally inferior repair tissue, fibrocartilage. This has led to a drive for advancements in tissue engineering. The variety of polymers and fabrication techniques available continues to expand. Pore size, porosity, biocompatibility, shape specificity, integration with native tissue, degradation tailored to rate of neocartilage formation and cost efficiency are important factors which need consideration in the development of a scaffold. The present review considers the current polymers and fabrication methodologies used in scaffold engineering for cartilage and postulates whether we are closer to developing the ideal scaffold for clinical application.
Biodegradable Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering
Being a connective tissue, the cartilage is present in almost all parts of the body like the rib cage, joints, nose, and ear. Its essential function in body is to serve as a cushion between the joints and prevent the bones friction against each other. In some areas like the rib cage, the cartilage keeps the bones together and creates a shockproof area. Osteoarthritis and traumatic rupture of the cartilage are among the related diseases. Damaged cartilage tissue can be only limitedly repaired because of the low density of chondrocyte and slow metabolism in the tissue. Previous studies achieved different outcomes for the joint-preserving treatment programs such as debridement, mosaicplasty, and perichondrium transplantation; however, the average long-term result is still unsatisfactory. The restriction of clinical success is mainly attributed to the long time required in most treatments for the regeneration of new cartilage at the site of defect. The mechanical conditions of these sites makes the repair process unflavored of the original damaged cartilage. Such problems can be permanently treated by using tissue engineered cartilage. Hence, the limitations can be defeated by using appropriate scaffolds, cell sources, and growth factors. This review dealt with the advances in cartilage tissue engineering, with the focus on cell sources, scaffold materials and growth factors used in cartilage tissue engineering.[GMJ.2017;6(2):70-80]
Biomaterials, 2013
An important tenet in designing scaffolds for regenerative medicine consists in mimicking the dynamic mechanical properties of the tissues to be replaced to facilitate patient rehabilitation and restore daily activities. In addition, it is important to determine the contribution of the forming tissue to the mechanical properties of the scaffold during culture to optimize the pore network architecture. Depending on the biomaterial and scaffold fabrication technology, matching the scaffolds mechanical properties to articular cartilage can compromise the porosity, which hampers tissue formation. Here, we show that scaffolds with controlled and interconnected pore volume and matching articular cartilage dynamic mechanical properties, are indeed effective to support tissue regeneration by co-cultured primary and expanded chondrocyte (1:4). Cells were cultured on scaffolds in vitro for 4 weeks. A higher amount of cartilage specific matrix (ECM) was formed on mechanically matching (M) scaffolds after 28 days. A less protein adhesive composition supported chondrocytes rounded morphology, which contributed to cartilaginous differentiation. Interestingly, the dynamic stiffness of matching constructs remained approximately at the same value after culture, suggesting a comparable kinetics of tissue formation and scaffold degradation. Cartilage regeneration in matching scaffolds was confirmed subcutaneously in vivo. These results imply that mechanically matching scaffolds with appropriate physico-chemical properties support chondrocyte differentiation.
Biomaterials for repair and regeneration of the cartilage tissue
The repair and regeneration of the diseases and damaged cartilage tissue are one of the most challenging issues in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. As the cartilage is a non-vascularized and comparatively acellular connective tissue, its ability to the self-restoration is limited to a large extent. Although there is a countless deal of experimental documents on this field, no quantifiable cure exists to bring back the healthy organization and efficacy of the impaired articular cartilage. Tissue reformative approaches have been of excessive curiosity in restoring injured cartilage. Bioengineering of the cartilage has progressed from the cartilage focal damages treatment to bioengineering tactics progress aiming the osteoarthritis procedures. The main focus of the present study is on the diverse potential development of strategies such as various categories of biomaterials applied in the reconstruction of the cartilage tissue.
Articular Cartilage Repair by Means of Biodegradable Scaffolds
Transplantation Proceedings, 2006
Introduction. Articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-repair; untreated injuries of cartilage may lead to osteoarthritis. In severe cases the only choice a total joint replacement, may be inadequate in young patients. This problem demands new effective methods to reconstruct articular cartilage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of collagen matrix for the reconstruction of articular cartilage. Materials and methods. A group of 28 rabbits had a defect penetrating into the subchondral constructed and either filled with collagen scaffold (group I) or remained empty (group II). The results were observed after 4 and 12 weeks. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were performed. Results. In the first group we observed the presence of hyalinelike cartilage resembling normal articular cartilage. In the second group fibrous tissue dominated. The surface of regenerated tissue was smooth, intact, and the defect completely filled with regenerated tissue, showing good structural integrity. In the second group, superficial irregularities, disorders of structural integrity, and necrotic features were noticed. Conclusions. This study showed better results of articular cartilage reconstruction by means of a biodegradable scaffold.
BioMed Research International, 2022
Distinctive characteristics of articular cartilage such as avascularity and low chondrocyte conversion rate present numerous challenges for orthopedists. Tissue engineering is a novel approach that ameliorates the regeneration process by exploiting the potential of cells, biodegradable materials, and growth factors. However, problems exist with the use of tissue-engineered construct, the most important of which is scaffold-cartilage integration. Recently, many attempts have been made to address this challenge via manipulation of cellular, material, and biomolecular composition of engineered tissue. Hence, in this review, we highlight strategies that facilitate cartilage-scaffold integration. Recent advances in where efficient integration between a scaffold and native cartilage could be achieved are emphasized, in addition to the positive aspects and remaining problems that will drive future research.
Clinical application of scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 2009
The purpose of this paper is to review the basic science and clinical literature on scaffolds clinically available for the treatment of articular cartilage injuries. The use of tissue-engineered grafts based on scaffolds seems to be as effective as conventional ACI clinically. However, there is limited evidence that scaffold techniques result in homogeneous distribution of cells. Similarly, few studies exist on the maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype in scaffolds. Both of which would be potential advantages over the first generation ACI. The mean clinical score in all of the clinical literature on scaffold techniques significantly improved compared with preoperative values. More than 80% of patients had an excellent or good outcome. None of the short-or mid-term clinical and histological results of these tissue-engineering techniques with scaffolds were reported to be better than conventional ACI. However, some studies suggest that these methods may reduce surgical time, morbidity, and risks of periosteal hypertrophy and post-operative adhesions. Based on the available literature, we were not able to rank the scaffolds available for clinical use. Firm recommendations on which cartilage repair procedure is to be preferred is currently not known on the basis of these studies. Randomized clinical trials and longer follow-up periods are needed for more widespread information regarding the clinical effectiveness of scaffold-based, tissue-engineered cartilage repair.
Cartilage tissue engineering using resorbable scaffolds
Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2007
Cartilage tissue engineering holds considerable promise for orthopaedic and reconstructive head and neck surgery. With an increasingly ageing population, the number of patients affected by arthritis and recurrent joint pain is constantly growing, along with the associated socio-economic costs. In head and neck surgery reconstructive procedures gain increasing importance in multimodal tumour therapies. These procedures require the harvesting of large amounts of donor tissue, which causes significant donor site morbidity. Therefore, in vitro-engineered cartilage may provide for a cost-effective and clinically valuable medical need. This article presents an overview of the clinical background as well as considerations for engineered cartilage in the head and neck, and provides examples of cartilage tissue engineering based on various scaffolds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.