Invasive fungal diseases in haematopoietic cell transplant recipients and in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia or myelodysplasia in Brazil (original) (raw)
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Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 2017
Introduction: Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are an important complication in immunocompromised individuals, particularly neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies. In this study, we aimed to verify the epidemiology and diagnosis of IFIs in patients with hematologic problems at a tertiary hospital in Goiânia-GO, Brazil. Methods: Data from 117 patients, involving 19 cases of IFIs, were collected. The collected data included diagnosis methods, demographics, clinical characteristics, and in vitro susceptibility to different antifungal agents. Among the 19 cases, 12 were classified as proven IFI and 7 as probable invasive aspergillosis with detection of galactomannan in blood and presence of lung infiltrates in radiographic images. Logistic regression analysis showed that the proven and probable IFIs were associated with increased risk of death. Statistical analysis demonstrated that age, sex, and underlying disease were not independently associated with risk of death in IFI patients. Results: Most bloodstream isolates of Candida spp. exhibited low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to all antifungal agents tested. Voriconazole and amphotericin had the lowest MICs for Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp., but Fusarium spp. showed the least susceptibility to all antifungals tested. Amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole were found to be inactive in vitro against Acremonium kiliense; but this fungus was sensitive to voriconazole. Conclusions: Considering the high number of IFI cases, with crude mortality rate of 6%, we could conclude that IFIs remain a common infection in patients with hematological malignancies and underdiagnosed ante mortem. Thus, IFIs should be monitored closely.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2015
Risk factors for invasive fusariosis (IF) have not been characterized. We attempted to identify risk factors for IF in a prospective cohort of hematologic patients treated in 8 centers in Brazil. Patients with (cases) and without (controls) proven or probable IF diagnosed in a cohort of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplasia (MDS), and in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients (early, until day 40; late, after day 40 posttransplant) were compared by univariate Cox regression analysis. Among 237 induction remission courses of AML/MDS and 663 HCTs (345 allogeneic and 318 autologous), 25 cases of IF were diagnosed. In the AML/MDS cohort, active smoking (hazard ratio [HR], 9.11 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.04-40.71]) was associated with IF. Variables associated with IF in the early phase of allogeneic HCT were receipt of antithymocyte globulin (HR, 22.77 [95% CI, 4.85-101.34]), hyperglycemia (HR, 5.17 [95% CI, 1.40-19.11]), center 7 (HR, 5.15...
BMC Research Notes, 2011
Background: The use of newer azoles as prophylaxis in hematological patients undergoing stem cell transplantation or immunosuppressive chemotherapy has been shown to decrease the risk of developing invasive fungal disease (IFD). However, the cost-effectiveness of such a strategy is dependent on the local epidemiology of IFD. We conducted an audit of hematological patients with IFD in our institution in order to derive the prevalence and types of IFD that occur locally. Findings: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all hematological patients who developed possible, probable or definite IFD according to EORTC/MSG criteria in the period from Oct 2007 to Apr 2010. The prevalence of IFD was determined via correlation with institutional database records of all hematological patients treated at our institution over the same time period. There were 39 cases of IFD diagnosed during the study period, with 8 (20.5%) possible, 19 (48.7%) probable and 12 (30.8%) definite cases of IFD. Aspergillus spp. accounted for 83.9% of all probable and definite infections. There was 1 case each of Rhinocladelia spp., Coprinopsis cinerea, Exserohilum spp. sinusitis and Rhizopus spp. sinusitis. IFD occurred in 12 of 124 (9.7%) AML and 4 of 103 (3.9%) ALL patients treated at our institution respectively. There were 10 (16.1%) infections among 62 allogeneic HSCT recipients, six of whom were having concurrent graft-versushost disease (GVHD). Five other cases occurred after allogeneic HSCT failure, following salvage chemotherapy for disease relapse. The prevalence of IFD during induction chemotherapy was 8.9% (11 of 124 cases) for AML and 1.0% (1 of 103 cases) for ALL. Fluconazole prophylaxis had been provided for 28 out of the 39 (71.8%) cases, while 4 (10.3%) were on itraconazole prophylaxis. The in-hospital mortality was 28.2% (11 of 39 cases), of which 5 (12.8%) deaths were attributed to IFD. Conclusions: The burden of IFD is high in our institution, especially in allogeneic HSCT recipients and patients on induction chemotherapy for AML. A prophylactic strategy directed against invasive mould infections for local highrisk patients may be considered as the comparative costs of treatment, prolonged hospitalisation and subsequent delayed chemotherapy favours such an approach.
Disseminated fusariosis in a bone marrow transplant patient
The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 2012
The authors present a case report involving an immunocompromised patient with fusariosis, an often fatal fungal infection in this group of patients. This mycosis needs to be recognized and treated in the initial phases, although this does not guarantee improvement.
British Journal of Haematology, 2000
Fusarium is a newly emerging fungal pathogen associated with signi®cant morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised host. We have reviewed our hospital's experience with Fusarium between 1985 and 1995. Fusarium species were isolated from 22 specimens, representing 11 patients. Cases were not clustered by time period. The median age of the patients was 36´5 years (range 17±69 years). The sources of the organism were 12 skin lesions from eight patients, seven blood cultures from two patients and one specimen each from a Hickman catheter tip, nail clippings and a bronchoalveolar lavage. Seven of the patients had chemotherapy-induced neutropenia when the Fusarium was isolated. Five of them developed invasive fusarosis during acute leukaemia induction treatment. They remained neutropenic, and none survived. The other two patients recovered from neutropenia and were treated successfully for this infection. The remaining four patients were not neutropenic or immunocompromised. Three grew Fusarium from skin or nail clippings and one from bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL). There was no evidence of invasive disease in any of the four. None of them received antifungal therapy, and they were all alive at last follow-up. We conclude that Fusarium is a newly emerging infection in neutropenic patients. A high index of suspicion, especially for skin lesions, will help in early diagnosis before systemic and visceral dissemination. Excision of the initial focus of infection and antifungal therapy, aided by speedy neutrophil recovery, are likely to protect patients threatened with these fatal infections. Fusarium isolated from non-neutropenic, nonimmunosuppressed patients is not signi®cant and does not merit systemic antifungal treatment.
Fusarium Infection in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2004
To characterize the epidemiology and prognostic factors of invasive fusariosis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, the records of HSCT recipients from 9 hospitals (7 in Brazil and 2 in the United States) were retrospectively reviewed. Sixty-one cases were identified: 54 in allogeneic HSCT recipients and 7 in autologous HSCT recipients. The incidence of fusariosis among allogeneic HSCT recipients varied between a range of 4.21-5.0 cases per 1000 in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched related transplant recipients to 20.19 cases per 1000 in HLA-mismatched transplant recipients. The median time period between transplantation and diagnosis of fusariosis was 48 days. Among allogeneic HSCT recipients, a trimodal distribution was observed: a first peak before engraftment, a second peak at a median of 62 days after transplantation, and a third peak 11 year after transplantation. The actuarial survival was 13% (median, 13 days). Persistent neutropenia was the single prognostic factor for death identified by multivariate analysis.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2013
Invasive fungal disease (IFD), predominantly aspergillosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, especially those with haematological malignancies and recipients of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. There has been a great deal of scientific debate as to the effectiveness of antifungal prophylaxis in preventing infection in different patient groups and in which patients it is an appropriate management option. Deciding on an appropriate prophylaxis regimen for IFD is challenging as the incidence varies among different patient groups, due to the varied nature of their underlying haematological disease, and in different regions and centres. Attempts have been made to define risk factors and include them in treatment protocols. Impaired immune status of the patient, especially neutropenia, is a key risk factor for IFD and can sometimes be related to specific polymorphisms of genes controlling innate immunity. Risk factors also vary according to the type of fungal pathogen. Consequently, prophylaxis needs to be tailored to individual patient groups. Furthermore, the choice of antifungal agent for prophylaxis depends on the potential for drug -drug interactions with the patients' concomitant medications. Additional challenges are optimal timing of antifungal prophylaxis, when to change from prophylaxis to antifungal treatment and how to prevent recurrence of IFD. This article considers the use of antifungal prophylaxis for patients at risk of IFD in daily clinical practice, with clinical profiles that may be distinct from those covered by guidelines, and aims to provide practical advice for treatment of these patient groups.
Infection, 2014
Purpose We compared the risk factors, the diagnostic tools and the outcome of filamentous fungal infections (FFIs) in hematological patients (HAEs) and non-hematological patients (non-HAEs). Methods Prospective surveillance (2009-2011) of proven and probable FFIs was implemented in 23 Italian hospitals. Results Out of 232 FFIs, 113 occurred in HAEs and 119 in non-HAEs. The most frequent infection was invasive aspergillosis (76.1 % for HAEs, 56.3 % for non-HAEs), and the localization was principally pulmonary (83.2 % for HAEs, 74.8 % for non-HAEs). Neutropenia was a risk factor for 89.4 % HAEs; the main underlying condition was corticosteroid treatment (52.9 %) for non-HAEs. The distribution of proven and probable FFIs was different in the two groups: proven FFIs occurred more frequently in non-HAEs, whereas probable FFIs were correlated with the HAEs. The sensitivity of the galactomannan assay was higher for HAEs than for non-HAEs (95.3 vs. 48.1 %). The overall mortality rate was 44.2 % among the HAEs and 35.3 % among the non-HAEs. The etiology influenced the patient outcomes: mucormycosis was associated with a high mortality rate (57.1 % for HAEs, 77.8 % for non-HAEs). Conclusions The epidemiological and clinical data for FFIs were not identical in the HAEs and non-HAEs. The differences should be considered to improve the management of FFIs according to the patients' setting.