Characteristics and performance of resettlement programs: A review (original) (raw)
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State‐sponsored Land Settlement Policies: Theory and Practice
The issue examined in this article is the persistence and popularity of state-sponsored land settlement schemes' as a development strategy in poor countries. Such initiatives have a history stretching back to the last century and have occurred in most African, Asian, Latin American and Pacific nations. Land settlement schemes were a common strategy under colonial administrations and have retained their appeal for independent governments. In recent decades the approach has been utilized by regimes of both left-and rightwing political persuasions and empowered by democratic or military means. A cursory review of contemporary government development plans, the reports of international development agencies and the academic literature reveals the continuing popularity of the settlement approach. Schemes are presently being promoted in at least seventeen countries2 and are commonly supported by foreign assistance. These projects have a wide variety of stated objectives including population redistribution, giving land to the landless, relieving environmental problems, improving the welfare of target groups, sedentarizing nomads, assisting disaster victims, increasing food production, raising the value of exports, creating jobs and fostering national security.
2007
Land reform becomes more effective when beneficiaries have or acquire the necessary experience in land use and management and when they have the capacity to generate sustainable income or sufficient food. Rural infrastructure, improved technologies and a range of responsive rural services, including training, have proved essential to effective and lasting agrarian reform (FAO 2006). Once land has been acquired, the following key ingredients of a comprehensive support provision programme are necessary-as outlined in the Declaration of Principles and Programme of Action, also known as the 'Peasants Charter' ,
Updating the Settlement House: A Model for Developing Nations
International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 1990
The settlement house movement had its origins in the 19th century as members of the upper class in England and the United States sought to develop an institution under private auspices that would serve disadvantaged populations in urban settings. A new set of circumstances exists in the 20th century as developing nations accept this responsibility and seek means to serve their populations in both urban and rural settings.
In this article it is argued that, since 1994, the South African government has been effective in institutionalising formal structures through which land could be returned to its previous owners. Government has also been effective in making land more accessible to previously disadvantaged individuals and communities. The article acknowledges that the government has been ineffective in facilitating post-settlement support to the above beneficiaries. In most cases, poverty and underdevelopment remain after land has been returned. Against this background, the following hypothesis, as a research objective, can be deduced:
Public Policy and Administration Research, 2014
This study examines the contribution of resettlement program to the livelihoods of settlers in resettlement areas of Essera DistrictinDawuro Zone, SNNPR. One hundred thirty eight (13%) sample participants were selected for survey by using simple random sampling techniques from three kebeles of resettlementarea. In addition, focus group discussion with representatives of settlers; key informant interviews and personal observations have been employed to collect data in this study.The study results show that the consultation about the resettlement program was made with majority of settlers before the implementation of program. It was also noticed that the movementof settlers to the new area was voluntarily based. The study also asserts that the occurrence of conflict among settlers and the host community is very minimal. Regarding the livelihood status of settlers, the study tells us that the resettlement program is positively contributing to the social, financial and physical capitals of settlers' livelihood assets. However, the current human and natural capitals of livelihood assets are not at pleasing status due to less infrastructure and social service facilities like schools, health services, safe drinking water, veterinary services, and land holdings in the resettlement areas. Furthermore, the resettlement program has not equally reduced the vulnerability of all settlers to food insecurity. In this regard, the study reveals that 14.5 percent of settlers were food insecure during the survey period. The agricultural activities and all income sources to participants are entirely relied on rainfall which is highly susceptible due to seasonal variations. The off-farm and non-farm activities such as petty trade, handicrafts, engagement in agricultural labor work and food-for work programs can generate additional income to household heads to promote their livelihood assets and to cope with adverse circumstances. However, the study found that these activities are hardly carried out by settlers. Thus, the integrated intervention of all concerned bodies is indispensable to reverse the problems related with resettlement and to enhance the diversification of income sources to settlers to build their livelihood assets in sustainable manner.
Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 2016
ABSTRACTThis paper comments on studies that aim to quantify the long-term economic effects of historical European settlement across the globe. We argue for the need to properly conceptualise «colonial settlement» as an endogenous development process shaped by the interaction between prospective settlers and indigenous peoples. We conduct three comparative case studies in West, East and Southern Africa, showing that the «success» or «failure» of colonial settlement critically depended on colonial government policies arranging European farmer’s access to local land, but above all, local labour resources. These policies were shaped by the clashing interests of African farmers and European planters, in which colonial governments did not necessarily, and certainly not consistently, abide to settler demands, as is often assumed.
Since independence in 1990 the SWAPO-led Government has implemented a land reform policy in Namibia aimed at addressing the imbalances in land ownership by redistributing white commercial farmlands among black farmers. As part of this policy, communities have been settled on group resettlement farms. Although these settlements are only a minor part of the land reform process, they involve more than half of the total beneficiaries. This article attempts to provide an overview of these group resettlements and to find out if they are achieving the objectives – in terms of production and social welfare – set out by the government. I seek to contribute to the ongoing debate over land reform in Namibia and to highlight some of the shortcomings in its implementation. I also consider the possibility of combining and/or prioritizing the raising of production levels with/and the improvement of the social welfare of communities through land reforms.
LAND SETTLEMENT SCHEMES AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW ARTICLE
Sociologia Ruralis - SOCIOL RURALIS, 1988
Land settlement schemes have provided a major research focus for social anthropologists and rural sociologists in the post-war years. Social scientists from a range of other disciplines have also taken a keen interest in these projects and in consequence a vast and dispersed literature has developed. The preoccupation of this literature is the evaluation and analysis of settlement initiatives allied to recommendations about the ways in which individual schemes or entire settlement policies might be modified so as to enhance their contribution to the attainment of developmental goals. Further writings are constantly added to the existing corpus as newly initiated projects' are studied and existing schemes are re-evaluated.
1994
To identify recurrent problems affecting performance, initiate midstrem remedial actions, and prepare a follow-up strategy for addressing tesettiement more effectively. 11. Rather than being carried out as a desk-bound and static stock-taldng exercise, this review was deliberatewly designed as a broad process of resettlement analysis in the field, carried out by the Bank's relevant regional and central units jointly with the Borrowers. 7he main product of Xhs comprehensive review is not sinply its final repoiz but the process that the revew triggred throughout 1993 across the Bank and on the ground. The review process consisted of intensified field superviion, analysis of project preparation, appraisal, supervision, and implementation, on-site consultations with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), sectoral resettlement studies, development of new technical tools for resettlement planning, and a considerable number of joint remedial actions initiated by the Bank and the Borrowers for projects fafling to meet set objectives. ' See W'afdD awlPRepon, 1994 (_tghcomlng) fDr a detaited disusn.