Experimental vulnerability curves for the residential buildings of Iran (original) (raw)
Related papers
A Macroseismic Method for the Vulnerability Assessment of Buildings
2002
A seismic risk analysis addressed to earthquake emergency management and protection strategies planning, requires territorial scale evaluation; to this aim a macroseismic method for the vulnerability assessment of built-up area is presented. The method is derived, in a conceptually rigorous way, by the use of Probability and of Fuzzy Set Theory, considering Macroseismic Scale definitions. Damage Probability Matrices are evaluated for the six vulnerability classes considered by the EMS98 scale; vulnerability curves are drawn for these classes and for different building typologies. An analytical equation, interpolating the curves, is introduced as a function of an only one parameter the Vulnerability Index; it correlates the seismic input, in term of Macroseismic Intensity, with the physical damage, summarized by the mean value of the beta distribution. An average Vulnerability Index is associated to each building typology, which may be refined on the basis of a seismic behavior modif...
Empirical vulnerability assessment is connected with the outcome of macroseismic studies and the development of intensity scales. The EMS-98 -as its recent state, including new types of buildings, especially those including earthquake-resistant design features -provides the basic principles, which can be used as the model for other natural hazard phenomena. Maintaining the basic elements, the earthquake-originated concept is adapted to the particularities of flood, tsunami and storm impact. Within a step-by step procedure the transformation of recently elaborated databases into the vulnerability table of buildings types is explained and extended to the elaboration of hazard-specific damage or vulnerability functions. The developed tools are applied to the revaluation of the 2010 Dichato (Chile) tsunami generated damage. Finally, a concept for a multi-hazard vulnerability assessment is presented, where the building stock of test areas is classified with respect to the typical earthquake, flood and storm vulnerability classes.
Macroseismic and mechanical models for the vulnerability and damage assessment of current buildings
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2006
The European Commission funded the RISK-UE project in 1999 with the aim of providing an advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios for European towns and regions. In the framework of Risk-UE project, two methods were proposed, originally derived and calibrated by the authors, for the vulnerability assessment of current buildings and for the evaluation of earthquake risk scenarios: a macroseismic model, to be used with macroseismic intensity hazard maps, and a mechanical based model, to be applied when the hazard is provided in terms of peak ground accelerations and spectral values. The vulnerability of the buildings is defined by vulnerability curves, within the macroseismic method, and in terms of capacity curves, within the mechanical method. In this paper, the development of both vulnerability and capacity curves is presented with reference to an assumed typological classification system; moreover, their cross-validation is presented. The parameters of the two methods and the steps for their operative implementation are provided in the paper.
The Vulnerability Assessment and the Damage Scenario in Seismic Risk Analysis
2005
In this Ph.D thesis two methods for the vulnerability assessment of built-up area have been proposed: a macroseismic model, to be used with macroseismic intensity hazard maps, and a mechanical based model, to be applied when the hazard is provided in terms of peak ground accelerations and spectral values. The thesis illustrates the theoretical bases and provides the defining parameters of the two proposed methods for different masonry and reinforced concrete building typologies. The implementation of the two proposed methods for the estimation of the expected economic losses and of the consequences to people and to buildings, in terms of distributions or fragility curves, is, moreover, illustrated. The methods can be employed either with properly surveyed data or with statistical existent data of different origin and quality. A different uncertainty characterises the vulnerability assessment and the consequent damage evaluation depending on the quantity and on the quality of the dat...
Earthquake Hazard and the Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI) Scale
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2015
On June 8, 2008, a strike-slip earthquake (Mw=6.4) was generated NE of the Andravida town (NW Peloponnese, western Greece) due to the activation of the previously unknown western Achaia strike-slip fault zone (WAFZ). Extensive structural damage and earthquake environmental effects (EEE) were induced in the NW Peloponnese, offering the opportunity to test and compare the ESI 2007 and the EMS-98 intensity scales in a moderate strike-slip event. No primary EEE were induced, while secondary EEE including seismic fractures, liquefaction phenomena, slope movements and hydrological anomalies were widely observed covering an area of about 800 km 2. The lack of primary effects and the relatively small surface deformation with respect to the earthquake magnitude is due to the thick Gavrovo flysch layer in the affected area that isolated and absorbed the subsurface deformation from the surface. According to the application of the EMS-98 scale, damage to masonry buildings ranged from grade 3 to 5, while damage in most of R/C buildings ranged from grade 1 to 3. A maximum ESI 2007 intensity VIII-IX is recorded, while the maximum EMS-98 intensity is IX. For all the sites where intensity VIII has been recorded the ESI 2007 and the EMS-98 agree, but for others the ESI 2007 intensities values are lower by one or two degrees than the corresponding EMS-98 ones, as it is clearly concluded from the comparison of the produced isoseismals. An exception to this rule is the Valmi village, where considerable structural damage occurs (IX EMS-98) along with the lack of significant EEE (V ESI 2007). This variability between the ESI 2007 and the EMS-98 intensity values is predominantly attributed to the vulnerability of old masonry buildings constructed with no seismic resistance design. Correlation of all existing data shows that the geological structure, the active tectonics, and the geotechnical characteristics of the alpine and post-alpine formations along with the construction type of buildings were of decisive importance in the damage and the EEE distribution.
Natural Hazards, 2006
In current research quantifying loss potentials for German city regions basic tools for GIS-based seismic risk assessment technologies have been developed and applied to the building stock and regional particularities of German earthquake regions. Different study areas with comparable levels of seismic hazards were investigated, but they had varying numbers of inhabitants and degrees of urbanization. This paper focuses on the case study of Cologne as an example for a larger city, and is related to results of the German Research Network Natural Disasters DFNK-project [1]. Seismic risk maps were prepared for different EMS-intensities. The impact of model assumptions and the step-wise refinement of input variables on the distribution of expected building damage are recognized as leading to different risk maps. Furthermore, the zones of higher risk are identified. An integrated approach combining data from official and insurance statistics was used to develop an inventory of exposed values in Cologne. A loss estimation procedure was applied converting results of refined vulnerability and damage assignments into mean damage ratios for the 370 municipalities. Results are available for different scenario events (with return periods T R between 475 and 10.000 years). Results support the prognosis that in the case of strong earthquakes the loss might rise to maximum values between 25 and 30 billion US $ for the city, and up to 60 billion US $ (and still higher) if all whole surrounded regions are considered. This estimate is consistent with previous lower bound estimates by Allmann et al. . The extent to which extent the loss varies due to scenario event, local site effects, the vulnerability of building types, the assigned asset, and the implied correlation between damage and loss is also shown.
Evaluation of earthquake Hazard
2007
Introduction: Seismic Hazard Objective The general theme of this course is earthquake risk. The concept of risk includes hazard and vulnerability. The first part has dealt with earthquakes, where when they occur, how big they are and why they happen. The second part is about the effects. Hazard assessment is to evaluate, for a certain place, how frequent and how strong earthquake will be felt, in order to take measure to reduce the possible damages. In other terms, it is to qualify and quantify the level of ground motion in a site due to the earthquake. Seismic hazard maps depict the levels of chosen ground motions that likely will, or will not, be exceeded in specified exposure times. The ground motion can be the intensity of the earthquake, displacement, velocity or acceleration of the seismic wave at the site. Seismic hazard is determined by the following three factors: ● The distribution in time, space and size of the regional seismicity ● The attenuation of seismic waves at inc...
Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2019
In the context of drawing up strategic seismic prevention plans, the study of seismic vulnerability and the evaluation of fragility curves can help us to better know the state of the structures under study and consequently to decide on the necessary intervention and treatment they require. The present study represents a contribution to the evaluation of seismic vulnerability using the macroseismic approach within the framework of Risk-EU project, and based on the recommendations of the Algerian regulation RPA99/Version 2003. A calculation tool, entitled "Estimation of Fragility Curves", was developed under MATLAB to estimate the vulnerability index value and to plot the mean damage curve as well as the fragility curves for aim to assess the likelihood of damage that the structure under study might suffer in the event of an earthquake and then to classify that structure.
Seismic vulnerability analysis
Masonry construction practice has born approximately 10,000 years ago and is the oldest building technique known to man. With time construction practice has been advanced. However, there are still many traditional brick masonry buildings which were constructed locally with mud mortar and burnt clay bricks. Though these buildings have survived for centuries, they lack seismic resistant measures to fight the future severe earthquake hazards. Historical and monumental importance and safety of lives dwelling in those buildings motivates the research study in this field with the aim of their sustainability.