Relationships between Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness with Cardiometabolic Risk in Adolescents (original) (raw)
Related papers
Obesity, 2009
nature publishing group epidemiology IntroductIon Childhood overweight is a growing public health concern in industrialized countries and affects 25-35% of youth (6-18 years) in North America (1,2). Overweight in childhood is a multifactorial condition that is often attributed to genetic background, nutritional habits, and physical activity patterns (3). In addition to these traditional risk factors, cardiorespiratory fitness has emerged as an independent determinant of weight status in youth (4-7). More specifically, cross-sectional studies demonstrate that low cardiorespiratory fitness is a characteristic feature of overweight youth (8-11) and independently associated with adiposity (5-7,12). Additionally, average cardiorespiratory fitness levels in American youth have declined in parallel with the rising prevalence of childhood obesity (13,14). Longitudinal studies of cardiorespiratory fitness and weight gain would provide much needed insight into the temporal nature of the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and the risk of becoming overweight in childhood. Within this context, we conducted a school-based longitudinal study of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight risk in youth 8-16 years old. We hypothesized that a dose-response association exists between cardiorespiratory fitness and the 12-month risk being overweight. A secondary hypothesis was that annualized changes in cardiorespiratory fitness during childhood would be significantly associated with weight gain. Methods And Procedures study population Beginning in the spring of 2004, an annual survey of anthropometrics (height, weight, waist to hip ratio), cardiorespiratory fitness and systolic blood pressure was conducted in a school-based sample of youth 6-18 years attending schools in the Black Gold School District, an urban and rural district surrounding Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Between 2004 and 2006, two separate cohorts were available for analysis. The first
European Journal of Applied Physiology
Purpose: We investigated the combined effect of cardiorespiratory fitness and the clustered score of inflammatory biomarkers (InflaScore) on the cardiometabolic risk score in adolescents. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis with 529 adolescents (267 girls) aged 12-18 years. The shuttle run test was used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness. Continuous scores of clustered inflammatory biomarkers (high sensitivity Creactive protein, complement factors C3 and C4, fibrinogen and leptin); cardiometabolic risk score (systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, ratio total cholesterol/HDL, HOMA-IR and waist circumference) were computed. Results: Adolescents with a higher inflammatory profile had the highest cardiometabolic risk score; adolescents with high InflaScore and low fitness had the highest odds of having a high cardiometabolic risk (OR 16.5; 95% CI 7.8-34.5), followed by adolescents with a higher InflaScore but fit (OR 7.5; 95% CI 3.7-8.4), and then by adolescents with a low InflaScore and unfit (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.6-8.4) when compared to those with low InflaScore and fit, after adjustments for age, sex, pubertal stage, adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern and socioeconomic status. Conclusions: The findings of our study suggest that the combination of high inflammatory state and low cardiorespiratory fitness is synergistically associated with a significantly higher cardiometabolic risk score and thus supports the relevance of early targeted interventions to promote physical activity and preservation as part of primordial prevention. Disciplines Education | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication Details
Cardiorespiratory fitness predicts clustered cardiometabolic risk in 10–11.9-year-olds
European Journal of Pediatrics, 2013
The aim of this study was to investigate levels of clustered cardiometabolic risk and the odds of being 'at risk' according to cardiorespiratory fitness status in children. Data from 88 10-11.9-year-old children (mean age 11.05 ± 0.51 years), who participated in either the REACH Year 6 or the Benefits of Fitness Circuits for Primary School Populations studies were combined. Waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, adiponectin and C-reactive protein were assessed and used to estimate clustered cardiometabolic risk. Participants were classified as 'fit' or 'unfit' using recently published definitions (46.6 and 41.9 mL/kg/min for boys and girls, respectively), and continuous clustered risk scores between fitness groups were assessed. Participants were subsequently assigned to a 'normal' or 'high' clustered cardiometabolic risk group based on risk scores, and logistic regression analysis assessed the odds of belonging to the increased cardiometabolic risk group according to fitness. The unfit group exhibited significantly higher clustered cardiometabolic risk scores (p<0.001) than the fit group. A clear association between fitness group and being at increased cardiometabolic risk (B=2.509, p=0.001) was also identified, and participants classed as being unfit were found to have odds of being classified as 'at risk . Conclusion Assessing cardiorespiratory fitness is a valid method of identifying children most at risk of cardiometabolic pathologies. The ROC thresholds could be used to identify populations of children most at risk and may therefore be used to effectively target a cardiometabolic risk-reducing public health intervention.
Scientific Reports, 2023
It is unclear if associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiometabolic risk factors are independent of degree of obesity, in children with obesity. The aim of this cross-sectional study on 151 children (36.4% girls), 9-17 years, from a Swedish obesity clinic, was to investigate associations between CRF and cardiometabolic risk factors, adjusted for body mass index standard deviation score (BMI SDS), in children with obesity. CRF was objectively assessed with the Åstrand-Rhyming submaximal cycle ergometer test, and blood samples (n = 96) and blood pressure (BP) (n = 84) according to clinical routine. Obesity specific reference values for CRF were used to create CRF levels. CRF was inversely associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), independent of BMI SDS, age, sex, and height. The inverse associations between CRF and diastolic BP did not remain significant when adjusted for BMI SDS. CRF and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol became inversely associated when adjusted for BMI SDS. Independent of degree of obesity, lower CRF is associated with higher levels of hs-CRP, as a biomarker of inflammation, in children with obesity and regular assessment of CRF should be encouraged. Future research in children with obesity should investigate if low-grade inflammation decreases when CRF is improved. Abbreviations CRF Cardiorespiratory fitness BP Blood pressure hs-CRP High-sensitivity C-reactive protein HDL High-density lipoprotein LDL Low-density lipoprotein BMI Body mass index SDS Standard deviation score VO 2max Maximal oxygen uptake BORIS Swedish Childhood Obesity Treatment Register IOTF International Obesity Task Force HR Heart rate; bpm, beats per minute SBP Systolic blood pressure DBP Diastolic blood pressure ALT Alanine aminotransferase HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin A1c HOMA-IR Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2013
To assess the association of baseline cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with incidence of overweight over a 4.6-year period in adolescence. In a cohort of 4878 adolescents, we assessed body mass index in years 2001-2003 and 2007. CRF was assessed at baseline as maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max, mL/kg/min) using the 20-m shuttle run test and was examined against incidence of overweight at follow-up. Estimated VO2max at baseline was higher in males than in females, P < 0.001, and was lower in overweight and obese than in non-overweight subjects. The incidence of overweight at follow-up among nonoverweight participants at baseline was 15.5% [95% con-fidence interval (CI) 13.7% to 17.3%] in males and 5.6% (95% CI 4.9% to 7.0%) in females, P < 0.001. Adjusted odds ratio for incidence of overweight in participants in the fourth quartile of VO2max was 0.40 (95%CI 0.26 to 0.61) in males and 0.57 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.99) in females in comparison with participants in the first quartiles of VO2max. Incidence of overweight was three times more frequent in males than in females. Among nonoverweight at baseline, high fitness levels were inversely associated with incidence of overweight at follow-up, suggesting that interventions aiming to increase CRF in early childhood might help reverse increasing trends in obesity.
Intensity of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body mass index in youth
Journal of physical activity & health, 2010
The purpose of this study was to analyze the relation between body mass index (BMI), Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF), and levels of physical activity (PA) from sedentary to very vigorous intensities, measured by accelerometry, in students from a middle and high school. This cross-sectional study included 111 children and adolescents, age 11 to 18 years. PA was assessed with an accelerometer for 7 consecutive days (1 minute epoch) using specific cut-points. PA components were derived using special written software (MAHUffe). CRF was assessed by maximal multistage 20m shuttle run. T-test was used to test differences between BMI groups, Pearson's correlation, to analyze correlations between all variables and multinomial logistic regression, and to predict the value of BMI categories. This paper provides evidence that BMI was inversely and significantly correlated with CRF. Only CRF was correlated with Vigorous and Very Vigorous PA levels and total amount of PA. Children with Overwe...
Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness
Background/Objective: Adolescents' physical fitness levels are an important indicator of their lifestyle and seem to have positive consequences in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The purpose of this study is to analyse the combined associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness with HRQoL and to assess the differences between HRQoL scores across groups of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness in Portuguese adolescents. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis with 567 Portuguese adolescents aged 12-18 years-old. HRQoL was measured using the Kidscreen-10 questionnaire. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated with the 20-m shuttle-run test. Muscular fitness was evaluated using the handgrip and the standing long jump tests and a muscular fitness index was computed by means of standardized measures of both tests. Socioeconomic status was assessed using the Family Affluence Scale. Body composition (body mass and height) was measured according to standard protocols. Accelerometers were used to obtain objective physical activity time. Pubertal stage was assessed using Tanner stages. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed using the KIDMED index. Participants were divided into four groups based on low or high values of both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness. Regression analysis, mediation analysis and ANCOVA were performed. Results: HRQoL was positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (B ¼ 0.112; p < 0.05) and muscular fitness score (B ¼ 0.328 p < 0.05), after controlling for potential confounders. However, when both fitness variables were entered in the same model only cardiorespiratory fitness remained significantly associated with HRQoL (B ¼ 0.093 p < 0.05). Cardiorespiratory fitness acted as a full mediator variable on the relationship between muscular fitness and HRQoL in adolescents (p < 0.05). ANCOVA showed that adolescents with high cardiorespiratory fitness/high muscular fitness exhibit better HRQoL scores when compared to those with low muscular fitness/low cardiorespiratory fitness and with those with low muscular fitness/high cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In adolescents, the combination of high cardiorespiratory fitness and high muscular fitness was positively associated with a better HRQoL.
American Journal of …, 2009
We analyzed the 5-year longitudinal relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk factors in children. A total of 153 students (66 boys and 87 girls) were evaluated in 1998 and 2003. Multilevel modeling was used to determine the effect of CRF across time (Model 1, adjusted for time and Model 2-Model 1 with further adjustment for gender and age). In both models, a significant main effect was found for body mass index (BMI) (P 0.05). Data showed that in children, lower levels of CRF are associated with higher levels of BMI over a 5-year follow-up period. Am.
Frontiers in Public Health
ObjectiveWe examined the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body mass index (BMI), incidence of major acute cardiovascular events (MACE), and all-cause mortality (ACM).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 212,631 healthy young men aged 16 to 25 years who had undergone medical examination and fitness testing (2.4 km run) from 1995 to 2015. Information on the outcomes of major acute cardiovascular events (MACE) and all-cause mortality (ACM) were obtained from the national registry data.ResultsDuring 2,043,278 person-years of follow-up, 371 first MACE and 243 ACM events were recorded. Compared against the first run-time quintile, adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for MACE in the second to fifth quintiles were 1.26 (95% CI 0.84–1.91), 1.60 (95% CI 1.09–2.35), 1.60 (95% CI 1.10–2.33), and 1.58 (95% CI 1.09–2.30). Compared against the “acceptable risk” BMI category, the adjusted HRs for MACE in the “underweight,” “increased risk,” and “high-risk” categori...