Heterogeneous catalytic reaction of glycerol with acetone for solketal production (original) (raw)
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Solketal Production by Glycerol Acetalization Using Amberlyst-15 Catalyst
ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering
Glycerol, as a by-product of biodiesel production, has recently increased due to the rapid growth of the biodiesel industry. Glycerol utilization is needed to increase the added value of glycerol. Glycerol can be converted to solketal, which can be used as a green fuel additive to enhance an octane or cetane number. Conversion of glycerol to solketal was conducted via acetalization reaction with acetone using amberlyst-15 as the catalyst. The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of some operation conditions on glycerol conversion. Furthermore, it also aimed to develop a kinetic model of solketal synthesis with amberlyst-15 resins. The experiment was conducted in a batch reactor, equipped with cooling water, thermometer, stirrer, and a water bath. The variables that have been investigated in the present work were reaction temperature, reactants molar ratio, catalyst loading, and stirrer speed for 3 hours of reaction time. Temperatures, reactants molar ratio, and s...
International Journal of Technology, 2020
The increase of biodiesel production would cause an increase of glycerol as by-products. In the present study, utilization of glycerol by-products to form solketal using Indion 225 Na as a catalyst was investigated. The intrinsic kinetic data were taken in a batch reaction. The results showed that the temperatures and catalyst concentration have a significant influence on the conversion of glycerol. However, varying the acetone to glycerol ratio only had a marginal impact on glycerol conversion. A kinetic model based on Eley Rideal mechanism was developed to describe the reaction mechanism over the catalyst. The simulation results of glycerol conversion were compared to experimental data at temperatures from 308 K to 328 K. From the kinetic model, it was found that the pre-exponential factor of 2.59 min-1 , activation energy of 21.16 kJ/mol, acetone adsorption equilibrium of 0.62, and solketal desorption equilibrium of 0.03 were obtained. Comparison between the experimental and calculated glycerol concentrations showed that the model described the data well within the temperature range of 308 K to 328 K.
Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering, 2016
Recently, with rapid consumption of fossil fuel sources all over the world, the interest in alternative fuels has increased. Biodiesel is one of the most preferable one produced by transesterification of triglyceride with alcohol, yielding glycerol as the by-product. As a drawback, increase in biodiesel production has lead to an increase in availability of glycerol. In this work, glycerol was converted to solketal in 84 % chemical yield under optimum conditions via reaction of acetone over Amberlyst-46 heterogeneous catalyst. Solketal was blended 3, 5, 7 and 10 vol% with oxygenate free gasoline. When compared to unblended gasoline the higher values of research octane number and motor octane number were obtained with blended ones.
Synthesis of New Acetals and Ketals of Glycerol as Diesel Additives
2019
Multiple experiments of glycerol ketalization / acetalization with aldehydes / ketones at laboratory scale on discontinuous plants were performed, to convert glycerol into viable biodiesel component. For the ketalization / acetalization of glycerol, 3 aldehydes (acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde and furfuryl aldehyde) and 3 ketones (acetone, methyl-isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone) were used under acidic heterogeneous catalysis conditions. All ketalization processes have been found to take place with high conversion of glycerol (over 90%). From a technical and economical point of view, the synthesis of the solketal by ketalization of glycerol with acetone appears to be suitable for scale-up to functionalize glycerol as a biodiesel component.
Fuel Processing Technology, 2014
This paper represents a continuous, easy to scale up, high yield, 100% selective ketalization of glycerol to solketal (4-hydroxy methyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane) over Purolite® PD206 in subcritical acetone. A central composite design was used to obtain the optimum conditions for five effective parameters of temperature, pressure, acetone to glycerol mole ratio, feed flow rate, and the catalyst mass. At a temperature of 20°C, a pressure of 120 bar, acetone to glycerol mole ratio of 5, feed flow rate of 0.1 mL·min −1 , and the catalyst mass of 0.77 g, a 95% yield was achieved experimentally which is close to the model yield prediction of 100%. This agreement showed that the central composite design model could ideally make an acceptable estimation of the process.
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Separation Technology 2020 (ICoST 2020), 2020
Currently, the huge bulk of glycerol formed during biodiesel production as a by-product offered an abundant and low-cost feedstock. Researchers have shown a growing interest in using glycerol as a sustainable feedstock to produce functional chemicals. In this work, ketalization of glycerol using acetone performed over various acid clay catalysts (montmorillonite, aluminum pillared clay and bentonite) in a batch reactor. Effect of temperature and various catalyst on the solketal yield were observed. Among these heterogeneous clay catalysts at 30°C for 30 min reaction time with acetone/glycerol ratio 2:1 the maximum yield of solketal 60% was attained with aluminium pillared clay catalyst. On the other hand, the solketal yield was 58% with montmorillonite catalyst at 40°C at same other conditions. This method provides an enticing way to convert glycerol to solketala green valuable product with possible commercial applications. The solketal obtained could be formulated from renewable resources such as glycerol and acetone extracted from biomass and would like to be a suitable approach for various applications such as fuel additives and in medicine industries.
Catalysts
Biodiesel production has gained considerable importance over the last few decades due to the increase in fossil fuel prices as well as toxic emissions of oxygen and nitrogen. The production of biodiesel via catalytic transesterification produces crude glycerol as a co-product along with biodiesel, amounting to 10% of the total biodiesel produced. Glycerol has a low value in its impure form, and the purification of glycerol requires sophisticated technologies and is an expensive process. The conversion of crude glycerol into value-added chemicals such as solketal is the best way to improve the sustainability of biodiesel synthesis using the transesterification reaction. Therefore, the conversion of crude glycerol into the solketal was investigated in a batch reactor simulation model developed by the Aspen Plus V11.0. The non-random two liquid theory (NRTL) method was used as a thermodynamic property package to study the effect of four input ketalization parameters. The model was vali...
Fuel Processing Technology, 2013
Certain acetals can be produced from renewable resources (bioalcohols) and seem to be good candidates for different applications, such as oxygenated diesel additives. This paper addresses the production of acetals (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,3 dioxane and 4-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-1,3 dioxolane) from glycerol and acetaldehyde using Amberlyst 47 acidic ion exchange resin. This ion exchange resin performed well, recording 100% selectivity toward acetal formation at a suitably high initial glycerol concentration. When the initial acetaldehyde concentration was significantly higher than the glycerol concentration, 2,4,6 trimethyl-1,3,5 trioxane was the main reaction product. Unlike other acetalization reactions, the one studied here does not have thermodynamic limitations, and 100% conversion is achieved under different reaction conditions. A kinetic study was performed in a batch stirred tank reactor to study the influence of different process parameters, such as temperature, feed composition and stirring speed. A pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model was developed to describe this reaction kinetics, proving that its rate is just first order on the acetaldehyde concentration under the conditions studied.
Easy and Fast Production of Solketal from Glycerol Acetalization via Heteropolyacids
Molecules
This work presents an effective and fast procedure to valorize the main waste produced from the biodiesel industry, i.e., the glycerol. The acetalization of glycerol with acetone represents an effective strategy to produce the valuable solketal, a fuel additive component. In this work, the catalytic efficiency of different commercial heteropolyacids (HPAas) was compared under a solvent-free system. The HPAs used were H3[PW12O40] (PW12), H3[PMo12O40] (PMo12) and H4[SiW12O40] (SiW12). The influence of reactional parameters such as reactants stoichiometry, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature were investigated in order to optimize experimental conditions to increase cost-efficiency and sustainability. HPAs demonstrated to be highly efficient for this type of reaction, presenting a high and fast glycerol conversion, with high selectivity to solketal under sustainable conditions (solvent-free system and room temperature medium). The activity of HPAs using 3% to glycerol weight...