Determination of 1,4Dichlorobenzene in Environmental Matrices (original) (raw)
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Biological monitoring of exposure to monochlorobenzene
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1990
We assessed the exposure to monochlorobenzene (MBC) of 44 male subjects performing maintenance work in a diphenylmethane-4-4 'diisocyanate producing plant In total, 251 whole shift personal air sampling measurements (passive diffusion) were carried out and at the end of the shift, during which the time-weighted average exposure (TWA) to MCB was determined, a urine sample was collected for the analysis of 4-chlorophenol and 4-chlorocatechol, the two main urinary metabolites of MCB in human The MCB-TWA values were log normally distributed with a median of 1 2 ppm and a range from < O 05 to 106 ppm The Pearson's correlation coefficient between the log MCB-TWA (ppm) and the log concentration (mg/g creatinine) of the metabolites in post shift-urine samples amounted to 0 65 (P< 0 001) for 4-chlorophenol (log 4-chlorophenol = 0 22 + 0 43 log MCB-TWA) and 0 72 (P< 0 001) for 4-chlorocatechol (log 4-chlorocatechol = 0 53 + 0 58 log MCB-TWA), respectively On the average the workers excreted three times more 4-chlorocatechol than 4-chlorophenol The follow up of 21 workers over several days did not show any tendency for the metabolite concentration in urine to increase during the workweek.
DETERMINATION OF CHLOROBENZENES IN WATER SAMPLES
The purpose of this study was to describe the analytical method for detecting and/or measuring chlorobenzenes in water samples. The relatively new technique of SPME/GC has been applied to a wide variety of analytical problems, including extraction and quantification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water samples. The attraction of SPME is that the extraction is fast and simple and can be done without solvents, and detection limits can reach parts per billion (ppb) to part per trillion (ppt) levels for certain compounds. SPME also has great potential field application: onsite sampling can be done even by non-scientists without the need to have a GC at each location. SPME provides linear results over wide concentrations of analytes, is compatible with any packed column or capillary gas chromatograph or gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system, and can be used with split/splitless or direct/packed injectors. In the analyses of chlorinated benzenes in environmental, food or o...
Concentrations and risks ofp-dichlorobenzene in indoor and outdoor air
Indoor Air, 2012
p-Dichlorobenzene (PDCB) is a chlorinated volatile organic compound (VOC) that can be encountered at high concentrations in buildings due to its use as pest repellent and deodorant. This study characterizes PDCB concentrations in four communities in southeast Michigan. The median concentration outside 145 homes was 0.04 µg m −3 , and the median concentration inside 287 homes was 0.36 µg m −3. The distribution of indoor concentrations was extremely skewed. For example, 30% of the homes exceeded 0.91 µg m −3 , which corresponds to a cancer risk level of 10 −5 based on the California unit risk estimate, and 4% of homes exceeded 91 µg m −3 , equivalent to a 10 −3 risk level. The single highest measurement was 4,100 µg m −3. Estimates of whole house emission rates were largely consistent with chamber test results in the literature. Indoor concentrations that exceed a few µg m −3 indicate use of PDCB products. PDCB concentrations differed among households and the four cities, suggesting the importance of locational, cultural and behavioral factors in the use patterns of this chemical. The high PDCB levels found suggest the need for policies and actions to lower exposures, e.g., sales or use restrictions, improved labeling, and consumer education.
Talanta, 2006
In the present work, a rapid method for the extraction and determination of chlorobenzenes (CBs) such as monochlorobenzene, 1,2dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in water samples using the headspace solvent microextraction (HSME) and gas chromatography/electron capture detector (ECD) has been described. A microdrop of the dodecane containing monobromobenzene (internal standard) was used as extracting solvent in this investigation. The analytes were extracted by suspending a 2.5 l extraction drop directly from the tip of a microsyringe fixed above an extraction vial with a septum in a way that the needle passed through the septum and the needle tip appeared above the surface of the solution. After the extraction was finished, the drop was retracted back into the needle and injected directly into a GC column. Optimization of experimental conditions such as nature of the extracting solvent, microdrop and sample temperatures, stirring rate, microdrop and sample volumes, the ionic strength and extraction time were investigated. The optimized conditions were as follows: dodecane as the extracting solvent, the extraction temperature, 45 • C; the sodium chloride concentration, 2 M; the extraction time, 5.0 min; the stirring rate, 500 rpm; the drop volume, 2.5 l; the sample volume, 7 ml; the microsyringe needle temperature, 0.0 • C. The limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.1 g/l (for 1,3-dichlorobenzene) to 3.0 g/l (for 1,4-dichlorobenzene) and linear range of 0.5-3.0 g/l for 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene and from 5.0 to 20.0 g/l for monochlorobenzene and from 5.0 to 30 g/l for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) for most of CBs at the 5 g/l level were below 10%. The optimized procedure was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of CBs in different water samples.
E3S web of conferences, 2022
Deodorants are frequently used personal care products; however, questions have been raised concerning their possible toxicity to cause air and water pollution, and their potential impact on human health. The degree to which deodorant ingredients, such as fragrance chemicals, antibacterial compounds, aluminium compounds, and preservatives, are toxic depends on their chemical composition. Many of these chemicals have been connected to adverse health effects, such as skin rashes, allergic reactions, endocrine disruption, and respiratory problems. Understanding these chemicals' toxicity is crucial for determining any potential risks to human health. Spray formulations have the potential to release volatile organic compounds into the air, such as propellants and fragrance chemicals, which can be harmful to human respiratory health and lead to indoor and outdoor air pollution. Improper disposal and wastewater treatment can lead to the contamination of water bodies, potentially impacting aquatic ecosystems and human water supplies. This review provides an overview of the toxicity of deodorant ingredients in various formulations, including sprays, roll-ons, and sticks. The partition coefficients Log Kaw (air-water partition coefficient), Log Koa (airorganic carbon partition coefficient), and Log Kow (octanol-water partition coefficient), values of deodorant ingredients were summarized for assessing their potential for long-range transport, persistence in the environment, and bioaccumulation in organisms.
International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS), 2024
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and chlorobenzenes are measured in all environments as part of world official pollution control programs. The health impact of these analytes increased the relevance of the validity and comparability of the measurement results. Therefore, equipment performance, implementation of test methods, and accuracy of results need to be verified through internal and external quality control programs. Herein, a new certified reference material (CRM) for benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3 dichlorobenzene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and m, p-xylene has been produced and characterized by an approach that is metrologically valid and complies with ISO 17034:2016 and ISO 33405:2024 standards. The reference material was prepared gravimetrically and certified values were calculated based on masses of pure components. Homogeneity results proved that the between-ampule heterogeneity was negligible in comparison with the method precision. The stability of the material was evaluated for both long-term storage and dispatch and no measurable loss of analytes was observed within one year period. The developed certified reference material with small uncertainties values will support regulatory bodies, environmental protection agencies, and testing laboratories in their efforts to improve the quality of motoring results and compliance with regulations.
Chemosphere, 2010
A method for the determination of all polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) contained in production batches of pentachlorophenol (PCP) samples is presented. The method uses two sub-samples of the PCP sample to provide an effective dynamic range of 1:40,000,000. Following extraction of the samples and fractionation of the sample extracts, the extracts are analyzed by HRGC/HRMS, and the resulting data from both sub-samples are combined to generate the final data for each sample. Data from the analysis of 47 samples using this method are presented and show a ratio of concentrations of octachlorinated dibenzofuran (OCDF) to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzofuran (TCDF) of approximately 4,000,000:1. The results show that four congeners dominate the ITEQ, which has an average value of 634 lg kg À1 (429 lg kg À1 WHO 2005 TEQ) in those samples.