Fumonisin B1: A Neurotoxic Mycotoxin / Fumonizin B1: Neurotoksični Mikotoksin (original) (raw)
Related papers
Assessment of Human Exposure to Fumonisin B1
Journal of Food Protection, 1998
Fumonisin B1 is currently regarded as the most significant mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. It has carcinogenic properties and may play a role in the etiology of human esophageal cancer. The human population is exposed to fumonisin B1 primarily by intake of fumonisin B1-contaminated maize. Maize consumed in the Netherlands is imported from all parts of the world. Since processing will not affect the overall toxic effect, the fumonisin B1 intake is directly related to the quantity of maize consumed. Literature results concerning the occurrence of fumonisin B1 in a total of 349 samples of maize from 18 countries worldwide demonstrated the presence of this mycotoxin in 93% of the samples. The median fumonisin B1 contamination of all samples was 420 ng of fumonisin B1 per g of maize, and the average contamination level was 1,359 ng of fumonisin B1 per g of maize. Human intake of fumonisin B1 was estimated based on the maize consumption of all people in the Netherlands in 1992. A prob...
Toxicokinetics of the mycotoxin fumonisin B2 in rats
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 1995
Fumonisin B 2 (FB:), a secondary metabolite of the fimgus Fusarium moniliforme, was administered at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg body weight to male BD IX rats by ip injection or by gavage. FB 2 was rapidly absorbed from the peritoneum, its level in plasma reaching a maximum within 20 min after injection. It was rapidly eliminated from plasma with a half-life of 26 min. After 24 hr, FB 2 could not be detected in plasma (< 20 ng/ml). Analysis of rat plasma for FB 2 following a gavage dose failed to detect any toxin over a 6-hr period after dosing. The elimination of FB 2 in the urine and faeces was determined over a 3-day period after dosing. After ip injection, the mean urinary excretion over this period was !.2% and faecal elimination accounted for 84.1% of the dose. Similarly, after dosing by gavage, 0.2 and 82.0% of the dose was recovered in urine and faeces, respectively. FB 2 appeared to be excreted unmetabolized.
Toxic Mechanisms Induced by Fumonisin B1 Mycotoxin on Human Intestinal Cell Line
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2014
The gastrointestinal tract is the main target of exposure to mycotoxin fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ), common natural contaminant in food. Previous studies reported that proliferating cells are more sensitive than confluent cells to the toxic effect of FB 1 . This study aims to investigate, by dose-and time-dependent experiments on human colon proliferating intestinal cell line (HT-29), the modifications induced by FB 1 at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 69 lM. The choice of highest FB 1 concentration considered the low toxicity previously reported on intestinal cell lines, whereas the lowest one corresponded to the lower FB s levels permitted by European Commission Regulation. Different functional parameters were tested such as cell proliferation, oxidative status, immunomodulatory effect and changes in membrane microviscosity. In addition FB 1 -FITC localization in this cell line was assessed by using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Lipid peroxidation induction was the main and early (12 h) effect induced by FB 1 at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 69 lM, followed by inhibition of cell proliferation (up to 8.6 lM), the
Fumonisins: Toxicokinetics, mechanism of action and toxicity
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2007
Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum. They occur worldwide and are found predominantly in maize and in maize-based animal feeds. Of the fumonisins, fumonisin B 1 (FB 1) is the most common and the most thoroughly studied. FB 1 causes the same toxicities in animals as F. verticillioides-and F. proliferatum-contaminated feeds including equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) and porcine pulmonary edema (PPE), diseases long associated with the consumption of mouldy feed by horses and pigs, respectively. FB 1 is toxic to the liver in all species and the kidney in a range of laboratory and farm animal species, causing apoptosis followed by mitosis in the affected tissues. FB 1 is also toxic to the cardiovascular system in pigs and horses. FB 1 and other fumonisins inhibit ceramide synthase in all species including laboratory and farm animals and disrupt sphingolipid metabolism, a process underlying the mechanism of toxicity and pathogenesis of fumonisin-related diseases. The USFDA has set guidances for fumonisin concentrations in animal feeds that range from 1 to 50 ppm in the formulated rations depending upon the animal species. The European Union Commission has recommended guidance levels for fumonisins B 1 plus B 2 in feed materials and formulated feedstuffs. The levels also vary according to species and range from 5 ppm for horses, pigs, rabbits and pet animals to 50 ppm for adult ruminants and mink. Awareness of fumonisin-related animal diseases, monitoring feed and feed components, and adherence to guidance
Metabolism, Toxicity, Detoxification, Occurrence, Intake and Legislations of Fumonisins - A Review
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins generated by the Fusarium spp. in foods and feeds. More than 15 isomers of Fumonisin are recognized, and the B series of Fumonisins is the primary and referral isomer of Fumonisin. Fumonisin B can cause leukoencephalomalacia in rabbits and horses and porcine pulmonary edema in swine. Fumonisin B is also nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, immunotoxic and carcinogenic. It blocks sphingolipid biosynthesis (and hinders the synthesis of ceramide) by a noticeable resemblance to sphingosine and sphinganine. This paper provides a review of the toxicity, occurrence, and mechanism of carcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity as well as immunotoxicity of Fumonisins, which are primarily found on a variety of food and feed in Africa, America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. In this paper, current information on contamination of feeds and foods by Fumonisins around the world is summarized. Because of economic losses induced by Fumonisins and their harmful effects on a...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
The genus Fusarium produces a number of mycotoxins of diverse chemical structures. Fusariotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi of the genus Fusarium. The important and commonly encountered fusariotoxins are trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Fusarium mycotoxins pose varying toxicities to humans and/or animals after consumption of contaminated grain. They can cause acute or chronic illness and, in some cases, death. For instance, a range of Fusarium mycotoxins can alter different intestinal defense mechanisms, such as the epithelial integrity, cell proliferation, mucus layer, immunoglobulins, and cytokine production. Of recent concern is the occurrence of emerging and masked Fusarium mycotoxins in agricultural commodities, which may contribute to toxic health effects, although the metabolic fate of masked mycotoxins still remains a matter of scientific discussion. These mycotoxins have attracted attention worldwide because of their impact on human an...
Occurrence of fumonisins in maize imported into Iran during 20012002
Mycotoxin …, 2009
Fumonisins, fungal toxins found primarily in maize and produced by various Fusarium species, have been shown to cause a variety of significant adverse health effects in livestock and experimental animals, and are probable human carcinogens. Thirty-three maize samples were collected at ports from bulk shipments, which were imported into Iran from six countries during 2001-2002, and analysed by HPLC for the most abundant of the naturally occurring fumonisin analogues, namely fumonisins B 1 (FB 1 ), B 2 (FB 2 ) and B 3 (FB 3 ). Of the 33 samples, 21 (64%) were found to contain FB 1 (58-512 μg/kg) at levels above 10 μg/kg. The frequency of FB 1 found in maize samples imported from Uruguay and Canada was 75%, followed by China and Argentina (67%), USA (60%), and Brazil (50%). The average FB 1 level was 266 and 169 μg/kg for positive and all samples, respectively. Medians were 250 and 146 μg/kg for positive and all samples, respectively. FB 2 levels ranged from not detected (<10 μg/kg) to 53 μg/kg, whereas no sample had an FB 3 level above the detection level (10 μg/kg). This is the first report of fumonisin contamination of imported maize in Iran. Although, the level of all detected fumonisins were below the Iranian and FDA tolerance levels for foods and feeds, It is necessary to maintain the strict rules to ensure continued safety of imported maize.
Developmental Toxicity of Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 in Animal Embryogenesis: An Overview
Toxins
A teratogenic agent or teratogen can disturb the development of an embryo or a fetus. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, is among the most commonly seen mycotoxins and contaminants from stale maize and other farm products. It may cause physical or functional defects in embryos or fetuses, if the pregnant animal is exposed to mycotoxin FB1. Due to its high similarity in chemical structure with lipid sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So), the primary component of sphingolipids, FB1 plays a role in competitively inhibiting Sa and So, which are key enzymes in de novo ceramide synthase in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, it causes growth retardation and developmental abnormalities to the embryos of hamsters, rats, mice, and chickens. Moreover, maternal FB1 toxicity can be passed onto the embryo or fetus, leading to mortality. FB1 also disrupts folate metabolism via the high-affinity folate transporter that can then result in fol...
Fumonisin B 1 in maize harvested in Iran during 1999
Food Additives and Contaminants, 2002
The fumonisin B 1 (FB 1) contamination of maize collected in two areas of Iran during 1999 was determined. The 20 maize samples from Mazandaran Province, situated on the Caspian littoral of Iran, consisted of random samples of farmers' lots and were all contaminated with FB 1 at a mean level of 3.18 mg kg 1 (range 0.68±7.66 mg kg 1). The 10 samples (of the same maize cultivar) from Isfahan Province in central Iran were purchased as maize cobs in local retail markets and had mean FB 1 levels of 0.22 mg kg 1 (mean of all samples, 6/10 samples positive, range <0.01±0.88 mg kg 1). The FB 1 levels in Mazandaran , an area of high oesophagea l cancer, were signi®cantly (p< 0.0001) higher than the FB 1 levels found in maize from Isfahan, an area of low oesophagea l cancer in Iran.