Effects of isometric resistance training on blood pressure and physical fitness of men (original) (raw)
Related papers
Effects of isometric resistance training on resting blood pressure
Journal of Hypertension, 2019
Background Previous meta-analyses based on aggregate group-level data report anti-hypertensive effects of isometric resistance training (IRT). However, individual participant data meta-analyses provide more robust effect size estimates and permit examination of demographic and clinical variables on IRT effectiveness. Methods We conducted a systematic search and individual participant data (IPD) analysis, using both a one-step and two-step approach, of controlled trials investigating ≥3 weeks of IRT on resting systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure. Results Anonymised individual participant data were provided from 12 studies (14 intervention group comparisons) involving 326 participants (52.7% medicated for hypertension); 191 assigned to IRT and 135 controls, 25.2% of participants had diagnosed coronary artery disease. IRT intensity varied (8-30% MVC) and training duration ranged from 3-12 weeks. The IPD (one-step) meta-analysis showed a significant treatment effect for the exercise group participants experiencing a reduction in resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) of-6.22 mmHg (95% CI-7.75,-4.68; p<0.00001); diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of-2.78 mmHg (95% CI-3.92,-1.65; p=0.002); and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of-4.12 mmHg (95% CI-5.39,-2.85; p<0.00001). The two-step approach yielded similar results for change in SBP-7.35 mmHg (-8.95,-5.75; p<0.00001), DBP MD-3.29 mmHg (95% CI-5.12,-1.46; p=0.0004) and MAP MD-4.63 mmHg (95% CI-6.18,-3.09: p<0.00001). Sub-analysis revealed that neither clinical, medication, nor demographic participant characteristics, or exercise program features, modified the IRT treatment effect. Conclusion This individual patient analysis confirms a clinically meaningful and statistically significant effect of IRT on resting systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure.
Blood Pressure Monitoring, 2017
There has been very little published work exploring the comparative effects of isometric resistance training (IRT) on BP in men and women. Most of the previously published work has involved men, and used resting BP as the primary outcome variable. Early evidence suggests IRT is particularly effective in older women, and has positive influence on ambulatory BP, a better predictor of disease risk. With the World Health Organization now placing global emphasis on the primary prevention of hypertension, the main goal of this proof-of-concept study was to 1) examine if sex differences exist in the ambulatory BP-lowering effects of IRT in young, normotensive men and women, and 2) determine if these reductions can be predicted by simple laboratory stress tasks (a 2-minute sustained isometric contraction and a math task involving subtracting a 2 digit number from a series of numbers). There were no differences in the IRT-induced reductions in 24-hour (men: Δ4 mmHg, women: Δ4mmHg), daytime (men: Δ3 mmHg, women: Δ4 mmHg), or nighttime (men: Δ4 mmHg, women: Δ3 mmHg) ambulatory BP in men (n=13) and women (n=11, p<0.05); and these changes were not associated with systolic BP reactivity to either stress task (all p>0.05). Our data suggest that lower ambulatory BP can be achieved, to a similar magnitude in young healthy women as well as men, with IRT; however, the BP-lowering effectiveness cannot be predicted by systolic BP reactivity. Taken together, this work heralds a potentially novel approach to primary prevention of hypertension in both men and women and warrants further investigation in a larger clinical outcome trial.
2020
Background and method: This meta-analysis sought to: quantify the effects of isometric resistance training (IRT) on the magnitude of change in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and resting heart rate in adults; and examine whether the magnitude of change in SBP, DBP, MAP and heart rate was different with respect to the patient demographic characteristics and IRT parameters. To be included in the meta-analysis, studies had to be randomized controlled trials lasting 2 or more weeks, investigating the effects of IRT on blood pressure in adults. The methodological quality of the studies selected was evaluated using the PEDro scale. For each main outcome measure, an average effect size and its respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: A total of 16 articles (492 participants) fulfilled the selection criteria (mean quality score in the PEDro scale of 5.9). Compared with control groups, IRT groups showed statistically significant (P<0.05) and clinically relevant (>2mmHg) positive effects on the SBP (-5.23mmHg) and MAP (-2.9mmHg). IRT groups also showed statistically significant, but not clinically relevant reduction in DBP (-1.64mmHg). Furthermore, IRT groups did not report any statistically significant and clinically relevant (>5bpm) effect on resting heart rate (-0.08bpm). Conclusion: The analysis of moderator variables showed that none of them exhibited a statistically significant relationship with the positive effects of IRT for lowering blood pressure. Therefore, IRT may be considered an appropriate nonpharmacologic treatment for lowering SBP and MAP.
American Journal of Hypertension, 2017
BACKGROUND This work aimed to explore whether different forms of a simple isometric exercise test could be used to predict the blood pressure (BP)lowering efficacy of different types of isometric resistance training (IRT) in healthy young adults. In light of the emphasis on primary prevention of hypertension, identifying those with normal BP who will respond to IRT is important. Also, heightened BP reactivity increases hypertension risk, and as IRT reduces BP reactivity in patients with hypertension, it warrants further investigation in a healthy population. METHODS Forty-six young men and women (24 ± 5 years; 116 ± 10/ 68 ± 8 mm Hg) were recruited from 2 study sites: Windsor, Canada (n = 26; 13 women), and Northampton, United Kingdom (n = 20; 10 women). Resting BP and BP reactivity to an isometric exercise test were assessed prior to and following 10 weeks of thrice weekly IRT. Canadian participants trained on a handgrip dynamometer (isometric handgrip, IHG), while participants in the UK trained on an isometric leg extension dynamometer (ILE). RESULTS Men and women enrolled in both interventions demonstrated significant reductions in systolic BP (P < 0.001) and pulse pressure (P < 0.05). Additionally, test-induced systolic BP changes to IHG and ILE tests were associated with IHG and ILE training-induced reductions in systolic BP after 10 weeks of training, respectively (r = 0.58 and r = 0.77; for IHG and ILE; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The acute BP response to an isometric exercise test appears to be a viable tool to identify individuals who may respond to traditional IRT prescription.
Intra‐Arterial Blood Pressure Traits During and After Heavy Resistance Exercise in Healthy Males
Translational Sports Medicine, 2019
Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for one third of global mortality, accounting for approximately 17 million deaths each year. 1 Hypertension is a major risk factor associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. 1,2 Approximately 40% of individuals above the age of 25 are diagnosed with hypertension worldwide, 1 and thus, actions for lowering high blood pressure (BP) are of great importance. Hypertension may be modified, or even normalized, by nonpharmacological treatments. 3 In addition to aerobic exercise as a well-established and recommended treatment of hypertension, 4,5 resistance exercise (RE) has been recommended as a supplement due to its favorable adaptations in musculoskeletal function and in cardiometabolic risk factors. 4,6,7 However, the studies of the influence of RE on resting BP are limited and conflicting, 8 and additional research to expand the limited data on the BP-lowering effect of RE is needed. 5
The objective of our study was to examine the effects of isometric resistance training (IRT) on resting blood pressure in adults. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials lasting ⩾ 2 weeks, investigating the effects of isometric exercise on blood pressure in healthy adults (aged ⩾ 18 years), published in a peer-reviewed journal between 1 January 1966 to 31 January 2015. We included 11 randomized trials, totaling 302 participants. The following reductions were observed after isometric exercise training; systolic blood pressure (SBP) mean difference (MD) − 5.20 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI) − 6.08 to − 4.33, Po0.00001); diastolic blood pressure (DBP) MD − 3.91 mm Hg (95% CI − 5.68 to − 2.14, Po0.0001); and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) MD − 3.33 mm Hg (95% CI − 4.01 to − 2.66, Po0.00001). Sub-analyses showed males tended to reduce MAP MD − 4.13 mm Hg (95% CI − 5.08 to − 3.18) more than females. Subjects aged ⩾ 45 years demonstrated larger reductions in MAP MD − 5.51 mm Hg (95% CI − 6.95 to − 4.06) than those o45 years. Subjects undertaking ⩾ 8 weeks of IRT demonstrated a larger reduction in SBP MD − 7.26 mm Hg (95% CI − 8.47 to − 6.04) and MAP MD − 4.22 mm Hg (95% CI − 5.08 to − 3.37) than those undertakingo8 weeks. Hypertensive participants in IRT demonstrated a larger reduction in MAP MD − 5.91 mm Hg (95% CI − 7.94 to − 3.87) than normotensive participants MD − 3.01 mm Hg (95% CI − 3.73 to − 2.29). Our study indicated that IRT lowers SBP, DBP and MAP. The magnitude of effect may be larger in hypertensive males aged ⩾ 45 years, using unilateral arm IRT for 48 weeks.
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2014
Recently, a minimum threshold of training intensity for reducing resting blood pressure (RBP) after short-term isometric exercise training (IET; < 4wks) had been suggested. However, variations in IET protocols employed are evident, including different methods for setting training intensity. Therefore, the minimum IET intensity required for RBP adaptations to occur, after short-term IET programs, is not known. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of short-term moderate-and lowintensity IET programs on RBP in normotensive subjects. Methods and Results: 3wks of IET at 30%EMG peak resulted in significant reductions in RBP (e.g.-3.9 ± 0.99 mmHg, P<0.001, mean arterial RBP) whereas IET at 20%EMG peak did not (-2.3 ± 2.9 mmHg; P>0.05, mean arterial RBP). However, within the 20%EMG peak training group, systolic RBP in female subjects was significantly lower than their male counterparts following IET (105.8 ± 3.0 vs. 123.6 ± 3.0 mmHg for women and men respectively). Conclusions: Results confirmed previous predictions that an IET intensity of 20-30%EMG peak is required to elicit a significant RBP reduction in a short-term training period (3-4wks). In addition, sex differences may exist in the magnitude of reductions. This may be important in understanding the mechanisms responsible for this established phenomenon.
Isometric Exercise Training for Blood Pressure Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2014
Objective To examine the effects of isometric resistance training on resting blood pressure in adults. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials lasting ≥ 2 weeks, investigating the effects of isometric exercise on blood pressure in healthy adults (age ≥18 years), published in a peer-reviewed journal between January 1, 1966 to January 31 st , 2015. Results We included 11 randomized trials, totalling 302 participants. The following reductions were observed after isometric exercise training; systolic blood pressure (SBP) mean difference (MD)-5.20 mmHg (95% CI-6.08 to-4.33, p<0.00001); diastolic blood pressure (DBP) MD-3.02 mmHg (95% CI-3.65 to-2.38, p<0.00001); and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) MD-3.33 mmHg (95% CI-4.01 to-2.66, p<0.00001). Sub-analyses showed males tended to reduce MAP MD-4.13mmHg (95%CI-5.08 to-3.18) more than females. Subjects aged ≥45 years demonstrated larger reductions in MAP MD-5.51 mmHg (95%CI-6.95 to-4.06) than those <45 years. Subjects undertaking ≥8 weeks of IRT demonstrated a larger reduction in SBP MD-7.26 mmHg (95%CI-8.47 to-6.04) and MAP MD-4.22 mmHg (95%CI-5.08 to-3.37) than those undertaking < 8 weeks. Hypertensive participants in IRT demonstrated a larger reduction in MAP MD-5.91 mmHg (95%CI-7.94 to-3.87) than normotensive participants MD-3.01 mmHg (95%CI-3.73 to-2.29). Conclusions Isometric resistance training lowers SBP, DBP and MAP. The magnitude of effect may be larger in hypertensive males aged ≥45 years, using unilateral arm IRT for more than 8 weeks.
Effect of different resistance exercise methods on post-exercise blood pressure
2008
Pr re es ss su ur re e ABSTRACT Int J Exerc Sci 1(4) : [153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162] 2008. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the post-exercise blood pressure (BP) responses to two different methods of resistance exercise (RE, traditional multiple set and tri-set). Young adult men (n = 30, 19.6 ± 0.7 years old; 76.0 ± 2.7 kg; 178.2 ± 6.7 cm; 90.5 ± 5.8 MBP) with six months of previous experience in RE were selected. The volunteers were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 10, each group): non-exercised control group (CON); multiple set group (MS); and a tri-set group (TRI). The TRI group performed three consecutive exercises (3 sets of 10 repetitions with 70% of 1RM and 1 minute of rest interval after the three exercises for the same muscle group) in the following order: bench press, cross-over and peck-deck and lat pull-down, seated cable row and barbell row. The multiple set group performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions for the same exercises, but with 1 minute rest interval between each set and exercise. After the exercise sessions and control situation, individuals remained seated for BP measure every 5 minutes up to 90 minutes. The repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (2 groups by three time points) was used, followed by post-hoc Bonferroni test, for p≤0.05. There were no significant alterations for systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared with the CON group and in the moments after exercise. Heart rate was increased after exercise for both exercised groups in all post-exercise measures compared with baseline. RE method (MS or TRI) exerted no influence on post-exercise blood pressure. Post-exercise induced hypotension may require the recruitment of larger muscle groups, such as those of the lower limbs.