Factors that affect bone mineral accrual in the adolescent growth spurt (original) (raw)
Related papers
The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2005
Nutrition is an important modifiable factor in the development of bone mass during adolescence. Recent studies of children and adolescents examined the effects of foods such as milk products and fruit and vegetables on bone growth; however, few studies included both boys and girls. The purpose was to ascertain the role of consumption of milk products and vegetables and fruit in the accrual of total-body bone mineral content (TBBMC) in boys and girls from childhood to late adolescence. Seven-year longitudinal data were obtained from 85 boys and 67 girls aged 8-20 y. Biological maturity was defined by the number of years from the age at peak height velocity. Dietary intake was assessed by serial 24-h recalls. Anthropometric measurements and physical activity were assessed every 6 mo. TBBMC assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the fall of each year was the indicator of bone mass. Most boys (87.8%) met Canadian recommendations for milk product intake. Few subjects (<30%)...
Nutrition Research, 1999
An adequate calcium (Ca) intake during the growth period may be critical in maximizing peak bone mass, a determinant of future risk of osteoporosis. Decreases in dietary calcium intakes have been attributed to decreases in dairy consumption so that it is important to know the amount and sources of dietary calcium. To determine the intake and sources of calcium of subjects in the University of Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study, we analyzed individual food records for sources of calcium using records over six years of the study in 226 subjects aged 8 to 19 years who each provided up to four recalls per year. Recalls with very low or very high reported energy intakes were omitted, leaving 3 113 out of 3504 records. Foods were grouped according to Canada=s Food Guide, and subdivided to look at specific food types. Subjects were considered Ayoung@ if they were in elementary school, and Aolder@ if postelementary (9th grade or beyond). The major food source of calcium in this group of children was from the Milk Products group, contributing 57-63 %. Fluid milk was the single greatest contributor to dietary calcium (39-50 Oh). Older girls consumed significantly less dietary calcium compared to young girls, however, older boys had significantly greater dietary calcium intakes compared to young boys. Older girls demonstrated a marked decrease in dietary calcium from Milk Products, especially fluid milk, compared with young girls. No significant differences were reported between seasons for either young and older boys for calcium intake or food sources of calcium. Young girls consumed significantly less total dietary calcium and obtained less calcium from fluid milk during the winter compared with the summer. Concerns regarding the adequacy of Ca intakes in North American children should be focused on girls, and in particular older girls, whose declining fluid milk intake may be compromising bone mass accrual.
Calcium Supplementation Increases Bone Density in Adolescent Girls
Nutrition Reviews, 2009
In a longitudinal calcium intervention study, bone density was assessed in pubertal girls for 18 months. Significant additional increases in total body bone mineral density (1.3%) and spine bone mineral density (2.9%) and content (4.7%) were noted in the calcium-supplemented group. Increasing bone mass during adolescence with adequate calcium intake, if maintained into adulthood, could decrease the risk of osteoporosis later in life. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by reduced bone density. A low bone density is a risk factor for osteoporosis, as demonstrated by the fact that the incidence of vertebral fractures is inversely proportional to bone mineral content in women over the age of 50.' Small differences in bone mass can be physiologically important; for example, there is a large difference in hip fracture rates between matched populations who differed in peak bone mass by only 6%.* Bone mineral density and content in later years is determined by both peak mass and the subsequent rate of bone mineral loss. Thus development of optimal peak mass is an important influence in reducing the incidence of osteoporosis. An individual's bone mass is primarily genetically controlled.' However, a variety of lifestyle factors can contribute to variations in bone mineral measures, such as dietary intake, smoking, and physical activity. Of the dietary factors, calcium has received the most attention. Most studies have examined the relationship between calcium intake and bone density in adults. A meta-analysis of these studies has shown a significant positive correlation between calcium intake and bone density, with a stronger relationship in premenopausal than in postmenopausal women.4 However, adequate calcium intake may have an even greater impact during development of peak bone mass. For adolescents who are in linear growth, a calcium balance of intake equaling losses is not sufficient to meet the needs of growth. These individuals need to be in positive balance to meet skeletal demands. Determining the calcium requirements to optimize attainment of peak bone mass is therefore important to reduce the risk of low bone mass in later years. There are sev-This review was prepared by
Bone mineral density during puberty in Western Canadian children
Bone and Mineral, 1992
To assess the influence of puberty 3vjd its associated changes in body weight and height on bone mineral density (BMD), 1Lmba: spine (L2-L4) and femoral neck BMD were measured in 74 healthy, active children (9-16 years) using dual-photon absorptiometry. Competitive swimmers were recruited to minimize the potential effect variabi;ity in mechanical loading regime may have on bone density of the lumbar spine. Tanner staging was used to ascess stage of puberty. Current dietary calcium intake was assessed by analysis of 6-day dietary records. Significant differences in spinal and femoral neck BMD occurred between early (Tanner 1 and 2) and late stages of puberty (Tanner 4 and 5), P ~0.05. A significant correlation was found between bone density and dietary calcium intake. However stepwise regression analyses demonstrated stage of puberty or body weight were the only factors which significantly affected spinal BMD, accounting for 77% and 68% of the variability respectively; while at the femoral neck, body weight accounted for 52% of the variability. These results demonstrate that when poten"ial interacliog factors arc controlled for through regression analyses, differences in BMD occur mainl) as a function of puberty and the associated gains in body weight.
The effects of nutrition and physical activity on bone development in male adolescents
The Turkish journal of pediatrics
Peak bone mass (PBM) is defined as the highest bone mineral content (BMC) reached in any period of a person's life. The bone mass once gained at the peak begins to decline and continues to do so until the end of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of nutrition and physical activity on bone mineralization during the adolescent period. The study took place at Hacettepe University Ihsan Doğramaci Children's Hospital Adolescent Unit. One hundred fourteen healthy male adolescents applying for different reasons, with ages ranging between 11.1 and 16.5 years, participated in the study. When all adolescents were evaluated, no statistical relationship between the daily calcium intake, BMC and bone mineral density (BMD) was obtained. However, a positive statistical relationship was found for those participants in Tanner stage I. This result is in support of previous studies stating the importance of calcium intake and bone mineralization in the prepubertal sta...
The Journal of nutrition, 2007
The effect of dietary protein on bone mass measures at different life stages is controversial. We investigated the influence of protein intake on bone mass measures in young adults, considering the influence of calcium intake through adolescence. Subjects were 133 young adults (59 males, 74 females) who were participating in the Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study (1991-1997, 2003-2006). At adulthood, their mean age was 23 y. We assessed dietary intake via serial 24-h recalls carried out at least once yearly. Total body (TB) bone mineral content (BMC) and TB bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed annually using Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. We determined TB-BMC net gain from the age of peak height velocity (PHV) to early adulthood. We analyzed data from all subjects and subsets based on sex and calcium intake using multiple regression. TB-BMC significantly increased from age at PHV to early adulthood by 41% in males and 37% in females. Height, weight, physical ac...
Association Between Linear Growth and Bone Accrual in a Diverse Cohort of Children and Adolescents
JAMA pediatrics, 2017
Prevention of osteoporosis in adulthood begins with optimizing bone health in early life. The longitudinal association between growth and bone accretion during childhood is not fully understood. To assess the acquisition of whole-body (WB) and skeletal site-specific bone mineral content (BMC) relative to linear growth in a healthy, diverse, longitudinal cohort of children, adolescents, and young adults and to test for differences related to sex and African American race. This investigation was a mixed longitudinal study with annual assessments for up to 7 years at 5 US clinical centers. Participants were healthy children, adolescents, and young adults. The study dates were July 2002 through March 2010. The dates of the analysis were June through December 2016. Anthropometrics, BMC, and body composition via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The superimposition by translation and rotation (SITAR) analysis method was used to define the mean trajectories for height, WB lean soft tissue,...
2008
Background: A recent meta-analysis raised doubt as to whether calcium supplementation in children benefits spine and hip bone mineral density (BMD). Objective: We used state-of-the-art measures of bone (fan-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and 4 bone turnover markers) to determine whether girls with low habitual calcium intake benefited from supplementation with a soluble form of calcium (calcium citrate malate dissolved in a fruit drink). Design: The trial was an 18-mo randomized trial of calcium supplementation (792 mg/d) with follow-up 2 y after supplement withdrawal. Subjects were 96 girls (mean age: 12 y) with low calcium intakes (mean: 636 mg/d). The main outcome measure was change in total-body, lumbar spine, and total hip bone mineral content (BMC) during supplementation and 2 y after supplement withdrawal. Changes in BMD and bone turnover markers were secondary outcome measures. Results: The mean additional calcium intake in the supplemented group was 555 mg/d. Compared with the control group, the supplemented group showed significantly (P 0.05) greater gains in BMC (except at the total hip site) over the 18-mo study. BMD change was significantly (P 0.05) greater for all skeletal sites, and concentrations of bone resorption markers and parathyroid hormone were significantly (P 0.01) lower in the supplemented group than in the control group after 18 mo. After 42 mo, gains in BMC and BMD and differences in bone resorption were no longer evident. Conclusions: Calcium supplementation enhances bone mineral accrual in teenage girls, but the effect is short-lived. The likely mechanism for the effect of the calcium is suppression of bone turnover, which is reversed upon supplement withdrawal.
Dietary Calcium and Bone Density in Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Europe
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 1999
The objective of this study was to investigate the association between dietary calcium intake and radial bone density among young women, over the whole range of intake and at different levels of calcium intake. The study design was a cross-sectional, observational multicenter investigation in six European countries. One thousand one hundred and sixteen healthy Caucasian girls aged 11-15 years and 526 women aged 20-23 years participated, after having been selected from larger population samples to represent a large range in calcium intake. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the ultradistal and middistal radius. Calcium intake was assessed with 3-day food records. Other potential determinants of BMD were measured by anthropometry or questionnaires. Mean calcium intake among the girls varied between 609 mg/day in Italy and 1267 mg/day in Finland; intakes for women were in a similar range. After adjustment for height, weight, and age at menarche for the women, and adjustment for age, height, weight, Tanner stage, and bone area for the girls, radial BMD at both sites did not significantly vary among quartiles of calcium intakes for both age groups. In multivariate linear regression, calcium was weakly positively associated with BMD at both sites in the girls (per 100 mg of calcium:  = 0.57 mg/cm 2 , p = 0.03 for middistal BMD and  = 0.56 mg/cm 2 , p = 0.01 for ultradistal BMD). For middistal BMD, the association was observed predominantly in premenarcheal girls. The associations were no longer statistically significant after full adjustment for all determinants of BMD, except again in pre-menarcheal girls. Radial BMD in the women was not associated with calcium intake, except after full adjustment for determinants of BMD, when ultradistal BMD became inversely associated with calcium intake (per 100 mg  = −1.02, p = 0.03); this finding was due to results in one of the countries and not found in other countries. There was no evidence for a different relation between calcium and BMD at different levels of intake; although there was a positive association at calcium intake levels <600 mg/day, the interaction was not significant and there was no consistent trend over intake categories. These results do not support the hypothesis that dietary calcium is a determinant of peak BMD in European women, for a wide range of intake. This study does not provide evidence that Recommended Dietary Allowances for calcium should be increased. (J Bone Miner Res