Dose-Response of Aerobic Exercise on Cognition: A Community-Based, Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (original) (raw)
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Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2021
Background: Aerobic exercise is proposed to attenuate cognitive decline in aging. We investigated the effect of different aerobic exercise interventions and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) upon cognition throughout a 5-year exercise intervention in older adults.Methods: 106 older adults (52 women, age 70-77 years) were randomized into high-intensity interval training (HIIT; ∼90% peak heart rate), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; ∼70% peak heart rate), or control for 5 years. The HIIT and MICT groups performed supervised training twice weekly, while the control group was asked to follow the national physical activity guidelines (30 min of physical activity/day). At baseline, 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up, participants partook in cognitive testing (spatial memory, verbal memory, pattern separation, processing speed, working memory, and planning ability), underwent clinical testing, and filled out health-related questionnaires. Linear mixed models were used to assess the ef...
Exercise and cognitive function
1994
Journal of Clinical Medicine was specifically dedicated to research evaluating the effects of exercise on cognitive function. This Special Issue published 23 articles dedicated to this topic (Table 1). These studies evaluated a variety of cognitive outcomes, including, for example, executive function, episodic memory, emotional memory, motor memory, and false memory. Various biological and structural correlates of cognition were evaluated, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and brain gray matter volume. Additionally, the evaluated exercise protocols varied, including, for example, acute exercise bouts, exergaming, comparison of different modalities of exercise (e.g., open-vs. closed-skilled exercise), and chronic exercise training. Several interesting findings were observed from this collective body of work. As an example, Chen et al. [2] evaluated the potential dose-response relationship between acute exercise duration and executive function. They observed that a 20 min bout of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise was effective in enhancing aspects of executive function. Other related research has demonstrated that this exercise duration is also associated with improved memory function [3-6], with the post-exercise recovery period also potentially moderating this effect [7]. Several of the papers published in this Special Issue also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms through which exercise may influence cognition. For example, Hsieh et al. [8] provided evidence that the N450 ERP may be a potential neural correlate through which acute exercise may influence executive function. Relatedly, Winneke et al. [9] demonstrated that moderate-intensity acute exercise sped up neural markers of stimulus evaluation during attentional control processes. Furthermore, in alignment with recent work suggesting that the complexity of the movement pattern may influence cognition [10], in this Special Issue, Hung et al. [11] demonstrated that open-skilled exercise may have a more pronounced effect on neurotrophic production, which may play a critical role in several sub-cognitive parameters, such as memory function [12,13]. Lastly, this Special Issue also published several review papers highlighting recommendations for future research, such as taking into consideration the potential role of biological sex on the exercise-cognition interaction [14], as well as key methodological considerations when utilizing functional near-infrared spectroscopy technology on this topic [15].
Aerobic or Resistance Exercise Training to Improve Cognitive Function? Short Review
European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences, 2016
Decline in cognitive function leads to several diseases and impairments. Findings from literature explain that exercise training may reduce the negative effects and enhance cognition. The review aims to present aerobic and resistance exercise training programs with the most beneficial outcomes regarding enhancement of cognitive function and related diseases. Electronic literature of SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases in English language between 2003 and 2015 was used to search for cognitive function in relation to exercise training. A total of 99 abstracts were examined; 43 abstracts were excluded for using animal subjects, derivative data, and languages other than English. A total of 56 articles were fully read; 11 of those were excluded due to lack of evidence, to reach a narrowed outcome. Outcomes indicate that aerobic exercise has more benefits on cognitive function rather than resistance training (e.g. enhancing memory, learning, cognitive speed). On the other hand, combined resistance and aerobic training has better results than aerobic training alone. In addition, exercise training is not only beneficial on cognitive function, but also reduces and prevents related cognitive diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Cushing's syndrome. Several studies have indicated that aerobic exercise training improves cognitive function as well as reduces related cognitive diseases. Further studies are necessary in order to attain sufficient evidence and neglect the conflict regarding the effect of resistance exercise training on cognitive function.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Regular physical exercise can decrease the risk for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, increase life expectancy, and promote psychological health and neurocognitive functioning. Cross-sectional studies show that cardiorespiratory fitness level (VO2 max) is associated with enhanced brain health, including improved mood state and heightened cognitive performance. Interventional studies are consistent with these cross-sectional studies, but most have focused on low-fit populations. Few such studies have asked if increasing levels of physical activity in moderately fit people can significantly enhance mood, motivation, and cognition. Therefore, the current study investigated the effects of increasing aerobic exercise in moderately fit individuals on psychological state and cognitive performance. We randomly assigned moderately fit healthy adults, 25–59 years of age, who were engaged in one or two aerobic exercise sessions per week to either maintain their exercise regimen (n...
Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition
Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2008
| An emerging body of multidisciplinary literature has documented the beneficial influence of physical activity engendered through aerobic exercise on selective aspects of brain function. Human and non-human animal studies have shown that aerobic exercise can improve a number of aspects of cognition and performance. Lack of physical activity, particularly among children in the developed world, is one of the major causes of obesity. Exercise might not only help to improve their physical health, but might also improve their academic performance. This article examines the positive effects of aerobic physical activity on cognition and brain function, at the molecular, cellular, systems and behavioural levels. A growing number of studies support the idea that physical exercise is a lifestyle factor that might lead to increased physical and mental health throughout life. 58 | jANUARy 2008 | volUME 9 www.nature.com/reviews/neuro PErsPEcTivEs
Effect of Acute Exercise on Cognitive Function
Physical exercise has numerous benefits to the human body . Experimenters hypothesized that short bouts of aerobic exercise would have a positive effect on cognitive function. The Stroop Test was used to measure cognitive performance. For the experimental group, the test was administered before and after 5 min of aerobic exercise at or above 60% of maximum heart rate, and for the control group, where no exercise was performed, tests were given consecutively. The mean difference in time (sec) to complete the Stroop test for the experimental group was 5.389 sec (with outlier) and 5.704 sec (without outlier) as compared to the control group, whose mean difference was 5.1 sec. The results indicated that there was no statistical significance in the average difference in Stroop Test completion times between the control and experimental groups. In conclusion, further research is needed to determine if short bouts of exercise have an effect on cognitive function.
Experimental Gerontology, 2018
Objectives: Cognition, along with aerobic and muscular fitness, declines with age. Although research has shown that resistance and aerobic exercise may improve cognition, no consensus exists supporting the use of one approach over the other. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of steady-state, moderate-intensity treadmill training (TM) and high-velocity circuit resistance training (HVCRT) on cognition, and to examine its relationships to aerobic fitness and neuromuscular power. Methods: Thirty older adults were randomly assigned to one of three groups: HVCRT, TM, or control. Exercise groups attended training 3 days/wk for 12 weeks, following a 2 week adaptation period. The NIH Cognitive Toolbox was used to assess specific components of cognition and provided an overall fluid composite score (FCS). The walking response and inhibition test (WRIT) was specifically used to assess executive function (EF) and provided an accuracy (ACC), reaction time (RT) and global score (GS). Aerobic power (AP) and maximal neuromuscular power (MP) were measured pre-and post-intervention. Relationships between variables using baseline and mean change scores were assessed. Results: Significant increases were seen from baseline in ACC (MD = 14.0, SE = 4.3, p = .01, d = 1.49), GS (MD = 25.6, SE = 8.0, p = .01, d = 1.16), and AP (MD = 1.4, SE = 0.6, p = .046, d = 0.31) for HVCRT. RT showed a trend toward a significant decrease (MD = −0.03, SE = 0.016, p = .068, d = 0.32) for HVCRT. No significant within-group differences were detected for TM or CONT. Significant correlations were seen at baseline between AP and FCS, as well as other cognitive domains; but none were detected among change scores. Although no significant correlation was evident between MP and FCS or GS, there was a trend toward higher MP values being associated with higher FCS and GS scores. Conclusions: Our results support the use of HVCRT over TM for improving cognition in older persons, although the precise mechanisms that underlie this association remain unclear.