Measurement of Entrance Skin Dose and Calculation of Effective Dose for Common Diagnostic X-Ray Examinations in Kashan, Iran (original) (raw)
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Focus to skin distance a b s t r a c t Assessment of entrance skin doses for patients in conventional diagnostic radiology examinations should be made as a means for the optimization of the radiation protection of the patients. We estimated the entrance skin dose received by patients undergoing diagnostic X-ray examinations, including the entrance skin doses for 500 patients in six types of X-ray examinations. The entrance skin dose was determined indirectly via measurements and from knowledge of X-ray output factors. We entered the measurements parameters such as X-ray dose output, back scatter factor, and focus to skin distance and we used questionnaire physical parameters such as mAs and kV in mathematical model. The mean and standard deviation for entrance skin doses for chest PA, skull AP, abdomen, Cspine, pelvic AP, hand and foot were 0.138 ± 0.04, 2.07 ± 0.12, 2.5 ± 0.140, 0.18 ± 0.11, 5.41 ± 0.33, and 0.102 ± 0.01 mGy, respectively. The results obtained were compared with the reference levels of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The entrance skin dose calculation was took into account the patient thickness. Further studies are required for minimization of radiation doses to sensitive organs.
Health Physics, 2019
This study aims to measure entrance surface doses during routine chest and abdomen x-ray examinations of adult and child patients. Radiation dose measurements were performed using thermoluminescent dosimeters TLD-100s in three major public hospitals in northern Jordan on a total of 100 patients. Wide variations in entrance surface doses were observed within and between hospitals, which might be attributed to significant variations of the selected exposure parameters. For adult patients, the results have shown that the majority of entrance surface dose values from both chest and abdomen examinations were within recommended values of diagnostic reference levels. For child patients, the mean entrance surface dose from chest examinations in three age groups were 0.131 mGy (0-1 y), 0.136 mGy (1-5 y), and 0.191 mGy (5-10 y). These values were considered relatively high compared to the European reference levels and published results in the literature. However, for abdomen examinations, entrance surface dose values were relatively lower than European reference levels. Patient effective doses were estimated using a PCXMC 2.0 Monte Carlo program. The results for both adults and children were found to be relatively lower than the values reported by international publications. Due to the wide variations of entrance surface dose and the higher radiation doses delivered to child patients, this study recommends implementing a quality assurance program in such hospitals to achieve optimization between good image quality and minimum dose according to the as low as reasonably achievable principle. Moreover, the results of this work will provide a useful base for establishing local diagnostic reference levels for chest and abdomen examinations in Jordan.
Patient dose measurement in common medical X-ray examinations in Iran
Journal of applied clinical medical physics / American College of Medical Physics, 2016
The main purpose of this study was to investigate patient dose in the chest (PA/AP/LAT) and skull (PA/AP/LAT) X-ray examinations, as frequent procedures. The study was performed in eight public hospitals of Khuzestan province, Iran. Patient dosimetry was conducted on 567 standard patient X-ray examinations (males: 61.2%, female: 38.2%). Dosimetry protocol in this study was indirect method, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Technical Reports series No.457. Patients weighing 70 ± 10 kg were considered as standard. In the indirect dosimetry approach, exposure parameters such as kVp, mAs, focal film distance (FFD), and tube outputs recorded during data acquisition were used for calculating incident air kerma on the patient's skin, entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) that is recommended by the IAEA as the most appropriate patient dosimetry quantity in simple radiographic examinations. This survey reveals significant variations in the radiological practice. Resu...
Entrance Surface Dose for patient`s undergoing X-ray examinations at Sebha medical center "Libya
IRAQI JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, 2018
Diagnostic X-ray is one of the ionizing radiation that plays an important role in medical examination. Despite its great benefit, it is considered the largest source of artificial radiation exposure to public. The aim of the study is to measure the entrance surface dose (ESD) of patients undergoing chest, lumber spine and knee Xray examination using TLD-100. The mean Entrance surface dose of chest (PA), lumber spine (AP, LAT) and knee (AP, LAT) are 1.3mGy, 8.57mGy, 21.5mGy and 0.49mGy, 0.48mGy respectively. The ESDs measured were found to be higher than the published work.
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics, 2015
Introduction The purpose of this study was to estimate organ and effective doses in patients undergoing some common X-ray examinations in Sabzevar, Iran. The effective dose is one of the best parameters for describing the amount of radiation dose received by a patient undergoing any diagnostic X-ray examination. The public dose from X-ray examinations depends on various factors, and its contribution to the overall public dose from medical applications widely varies in different societies; however, in Iran, limited data is available on this subject. Materials and Methods In the present study, we aimed to estimate organ and effective doses arising from some common X-ray examinations on patients. Organ and effective doses were calculated by employing PCXMC program, based on Monte Carlo method. Results The mean effective doses in this study were compared with similar findings reported in previous research. The applied methods in different studies are the main factors, which influence th...
Radiation Dose Measurements in Routine X ray Examinations
rphysp.com
The aim of current study was to evaluate patient's radiation dose in routine X-ray examinations in Omdurman teaching hospital Sudan. 110 patients was examined (134) radiographs in two X-ray rooms. Entrance surface doses (ESDs) were calculated from ...
Shehu, Mohammed Ahmed, 2020
ABSTRACT In radiography, a dose to patients primarily depends on the Entrance surface Dose (ESD) and the sensitivity of organs which are irradiated during treatment plan. The main goal of this study is to assess and compare adult patient doses to digital and conventional radiographic X-ray examinations chest (PA/AP) in Adama city special zone of oromiya region. Assessment of ESD for patients in conventional and digital diagnostic radiology examinations should be made as a means for the optimization of the radiation protection of the patients. This estimated the entrance skin dose received by patients undergoing diagnostic X-ray examinations, including the entrance skin doses for 400 patients in chest PA/AP of X-ray examinations. The entrance surface dose was determined indirectly via measurements and from knowledge of X-ray output factors and in this study entered the measurements parameters such as X-ray dose output, back scatter factor, and focus to skin distance and used physical parameters such as mAs and kV in mathematical model. The mean ESD (mGy) value calculated in to four hospitals. The mean ESD (mGy) estimated range from 0.113 -1.92 for chest PA, 0.107-1.935 for chest PA. The results obtained were compared with the diagnostic reference levels of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 1996, European Commission (EC) 1999 and national radiological protection board (NRPB) 2000. Further studies are required for minimization of radiation doses to sensitive organs. ESDs were estimated in the present study for patients undergoing selected chest X-ray examinations in major hospitals in Adama city special zone of Oromiya region. It was observed that in some of the cases specially Adama hospital medical college the ESD values higher than the recommended value from IAEA, NRPB and EC. Similarly the S.Aklisiya hospital and Medin Beza hospitals shows ESD (mGy) value for all types of projection examinations are similarity with that reported by IAEA [42] and European Committee (EC, 1999) [41] as well as NRPB -2000 [43]. But Rift valley hospital has the minimum value of ESD (mGy) because of the low dose output of the machine combined with high tube filtration. This could be attributed to the relatively low tube output dose and exposure parameters used in these hospitals. And also potential advantage of digital x ray from conventional is minimizes unnecessary patient dose and keeps the dose “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA) principle. Keywords: Ionizing Radiation; X-Ray; Conventional, digital, Radiography; Entrance Surface Dose
Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering, 2017
Introduction: The main purpose of this study was to investigate patient dose in pelvic and abdomen x-ray examinations. This work also provided the LDRLs (local diagnostic reference levels) in Khuzestan region, southwest of Iran to help establish the NDRLs (national diagnostic reference levels). Methods: Patient doses were assessed from patient’s anatomical data and exposure parameters based on the IAEA indirect dosimetry method. With regard to this method, exposure parameters such as tube output, kVp, mAs, FFD and patient anatomical data were used for calculating ESD (entrance skin dose) of patients. This study was conducted on 250 standard patients (50% men and 50% women) at eight high-patient-load imaging centers. Results: The results indicate that mean ESDs for the both pelvic and abdomen examinations were lower than the IAEA and EC reference levels, 2.3 and 3.7 mGy, respectively. Mean applied kVps were 67 and 70 and mean FFDs were 103 and 109, respectively. Tube loadings obtaine...
Assessment of Entrance Surface Dose for the Patients from Common Radiology Examinations in Sudan
Life Science Journal
Medical X-ray exposures are the largest man-made source of population exposure to ionising radiation in many countries. Although information on medical exposure is already incorporated into national legislative documents, in Isfahan there is no data on the assessment of patient's entrance surface dose (ESD) and the health risk from conventional radiography in daily clinical practice. In this study, Entrance Surface dose (ESD) were estimated for adults patients undergoing common X- ray examinations in two Hospitals in Khartoum, namely Khartoum teaching hospital and academy teaching hospital. the study was performed in four X-ray machines. A total of 191 patients were included in this study. Patient’s data such as (age and weight) and exposure parameters (kV and mAs) were recorded. The results of ESD have been obtained with the use of the Dose Cal software which developed by the radiological protection center in saint gorges hospital London. The results showed that the mean values...
Mathematical Evaluation of Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) for Patients Examined by Diagnostic X-Rays
Open Access Journal of Science, 2017
Exposures from diagnostic medical X-rays are the most important synthetic source of exposure to ionizing radiation in several countries. However information on medical exposure of diagnostic X-rays is integrated into international legislative repertories. In Sebha city, there is a lack of data on the assessment of patient's entrance surface dose (ESD) and the health risk from conventional radiography in daily routine of diagnostic medical examinations. In this research, the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) was estimated for adult patients underwent diagnosis X-ray examinations in one of radiographic center in Sebha city. The ESD has been estimated indirectly using exposure factors for patents. The results showed that the mean patient entrance surface doses (ESD) were 41.73±5.84 mGy, 7.43±2.58 mGy, 103.7±125.53 mGy, 7.25±4.32 mGy and 11.24±16.18 mGy respectively for Pelvis (AP), Chest (AP), Lumbar Spine (AP), Cervical Spine (AP) and Skull (AP). The mean ESD values are found to be higher than mean ESD reference values. This indicates that the necessity for reducing the patient doses to the acceptable levels recommended by the international radiation protection commissions to protect patients from risk of higher exposures to diagnostic X-rays.