Increased soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptors in patients with major depressive disorder (original) (raw)
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Psychopharmacology, 2003
Rationale: Over the last 15 years, an increasing body of evidence has suggested a causal relationship between depression and the immunological activation and hypersecretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-a). However, little is known about the probable relationship of serum TNF-a with major depressive disorder (MDD). Objective: To assess whether serum TNF-a levels could be associated with the clinical course of MDD. Subjects and methods TNF-a and Creactive protein (CRP) serum concentrations, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and leukocyte count were measured in 26 MDD patients and in 17 controls. The measurements were repeated following 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Psychopathological improvement and the severity of depression were evaluated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: On admission, serum TNF-a and leukocyte count were significantly higher in MDD patients compared to controls (P<0.001 and P=0.005, respectively). With the antidepressant treatment, both HAMD and BDI scores decreased significantly (P<0.001 for both). Comparison of pre-and post-treatment measurements revealed that TNF-a, CRP, and leukocyte count decreased to levels comparable with those of the control subjects (P<0.001, P=0.01, and P=0.01, respectively). Conclusions: The results emphasized that some immunological parameters, such as CRP, leukocyte count and TNF-a, are significantly involved in the clinical course and treatment response in MDD. TNF-a in particular could be considered as a potential state marker in MDD.
TNF-α Increase in a Cohort of Depressive Patients
Disease Markers
Background. The model of neuroinflammation has been proposed as a possible explanation of depression. Investigations of serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in depressed patients have previously shown contradictory results of increased and decreased levels of TNF-α during the treatment of depression. Methods. We compared the serum levels of TNF-α in two cohorts of patients suffering from depression (ICD-10 criteria): one cohort from a psychotherapeutic unit ( n = 18 ), where patients were treated with Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), and the other cohort from a psychiatric day care unit ( n = 16 ). Both cohorts were investigated at the beginning and at the end of treatment. The intensity of depression was measured by means of the Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd edition (BDI-II) at both time points. Results. We observed a statistically significant increase of TNF-α in the psychotherapeutic unit at time point 2 compared to time point 1 ( T = − 1...
Increased soluble TNF receptor 2 in antidepressant-free patients with late-life depression
Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2010
Tumor necrosis factor a Tumor necrosis factor a soluble receptor Pathophysiology a b s t r a c t Increased pro-inflammatory state has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. The aim of this study was to determine serum levels of TNF-a and soluble TNF-a receptors 1 and 2 (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) in anti-depressant free depressed elderly patients as compared to healthy controls. Sixty-seven older adults (28 with major depression and 39 controls) were enrolled to this study. Participants were assessed by the SCID and diagnosis of major depressive episode was made according to the DSM-IV criteria. Serum TNF-a, sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were determined by ELISA. Anti-depressant free patients with late-life depression showed an increased level of the sTNFR2 as compared to controls (p ¼ 0.03). No significant differences were found in serum TNF-a and sTNFR1 levels (p ¼ 0.1 and p ¼ 0.4, respectively). There was no correlation between serum levels of these inflammatory markers and the severity of depression. Our findings provide additional evidence of the involvement of abnormal proinflammatory state in late-life depression.
Soluble interleukin-2 receptor and tumor necrosis factor levels in depressed patients in Estonia
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2009
Several studies have reported immune system alterations in depressed patients. Furthermore, correlations between some interleukins and specific depressive symptoms have been found, but results are ambiguous. It might be caused by heterogeneous patient population and concomitant administration of antidepressants. The aim of our study was to look at differences in the levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) between currently depressed patients with first or recurrent episode of depression, patients in full remission and healthy controls. Secondly, we looked for correlations between sIL-2R and TNFalpha and different depressive symptoms. A total of 75 medication-free currently depressed patients (76% of females), 17 patients in the full remission phase of major depression (58.8% of females), and 55 healthy controls (58.2% of females) participated in this study. The results showed that the level of sIL-2R was significantly lower in dep...
European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2001
There is now evidence that major depression is accompanied by activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS) as indicated by an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. There is circumstantial evidence implicating pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aims of the present study were to examine (i) the serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, TNFa, IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and CC16 (uteroglobulin), an endogenous anti-cytokine, in depressed and MS patients compared to normal controls, and (ii) the effects of treatment with antidepressants on the above IRS variables in depressed patients. Serum TNFa was significantly higher in depressed and MS patients than in normal controls. Serum IL-8 was significantly higher in depressed patients than in patients with MS. Serum CC16 was significantly higher in patients with MS than in normal controls and depressed patients. Nonresponders to treatment with antidepressants had significantly higher serum IL-2R and lower serum CC16 concentrations than responders to treatment. The results show that (i) depression is accompanied by activation of the IRS and that this activation is more pronounced in depression than in MS, and (ii) IRS activation in depressed patients is related to a nonresponse to treatment with antidepressants.
Tumor necrosis factor a Tumor necrosis factor a soluble receptor Pathophysiology a b s t r a c t Increased pro-inflammatory state has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. The aim of this study was to determine serum levels of TNF-a and soluble TNF-a receptors 1 and 2 (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) in anti-depressant free depressed elderly patients as compared to healthy controls. Sixty-seven older adults (28 with major depression and 39 controls) were enrolled to this study. Participants were assessed by the SCID and diagnosis of major depressive episode was made according to the DSM-IV criteria. Serum TNF-a, sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were determined by ELISA. Anti-depressant free patients with late-life depression showed an increased level of the sTNFR2 as compared to controls (p ¼ 0.03). No significant differences were found in serum TNF-a and sTNFR1 levels (p ¼ 0.1 and p ¼ 0.4, respectively). There was no correlation between serum levels of these inflammatory markers and the severity of depression. Our findings provide additional evidence of the involvement of abnormal proinflammatory state in late-life depression.
2020
ABSTRACTMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious psychiatric disorder but there are no reliable risk assessment tools for this condition. The actual reason for affecting depression is still controversial. It is assumed that the dysregulated cytokines are produced due to the hyperactivation of the immune system in depression. We aimed to evaluate the possible alteration and the role of serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in MDD patients. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition was used to diagnose patients and evaluation of healthy controls (HCs). The severity of depression was measured by the Hamilton depression rating scale (Ham-D). Serum IL-1β and TNF-α levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Increased levels of serum IL-1β and TNF-α were observed in MDD patients compared to HCs. These higher levels of peripheral markers were positively correlated with the severity of depression. Moreover, fe...
QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 2020
Background Effects of the cytokine system, in which of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a part, on serotonin metabolism as well as on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis, may induce changes in the structure and function of the brain, possibly leading to the development of depression in SLE patients. For this purpose, we aimed to assess serum TNF-α levels in SLE patients, and to explore its possible relationship with depression among these patients.Methods: 60 SLE adult patients were enrolled in this study and further subdivided into two equal groups (30 with active SLE and 30 with inactive SLE) using SLEDAI score, in addition to 30 age and sex matched healthy controls. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) to provide broad coverage of psychiatric diagnoses was done for all subjects, and severity of depression was assessed using Beck depression Inventory. TNF-α levels were measured using ELISA technique. Results: Depression was identified ...
Psychiatry research, 2016
Abnormalities of protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and their soluble receptors have been reported in plasma of depressed patients. In this study, we examined the role of cytokines and their membrane-bound receptors in major depressive disorder (MDD). We determined the protein and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and mRNA expression of their membrane-bound receptors in the lymphocytes from 31 hospitalized MDD patients and 30 non-hospitalized normal control (NC) subjects. The subjects were diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. Protein levels of cytokines were determined by ELISA, and mRNA levels in lymphocytes were determined by the qPCR method. We found that the mean mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, their receptors, TNFR1, TNFR2, IL-1R1 and the antagonist IL-1RA were significantly increased in the lymphocytes of MDD patients compared with NC. No significant differences i...