Thermal Performance of Improved Charcoal Stove as A Clean Development Mechanism Project – A Case Study of Bauchi (original) (raw)
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Abstract Indoor air pollution (IAP) from biomass cook stoves seriously affects human health worldwide. Most of the biomass stoves in use are traditional cook stoves, which produce toxic emissions and consume a lot of fuel. This has prompted the introduction of improved stoves to address the problem. Improved stoves help families meet their household cooking and heating requirements without the risks posed by traditional stoves. The purpose of this study was to investigate the stove performance (in terms of IAP levels and efficiency) of stove A (an improved wood stove) and stove B (an improved charcoal stove) and compare them with traditional three stone and the Kenyan metallic Jiko. The stoves were tested using the water-boiling test (WBT). Particulate and CO and CO2 were monitored using data loggers, which all work, on the principle of light scattering. Results were entered in the WBT data calculation sheet to obtain all the parameters critical in evaluating the stoves performance. Results indicated a 50% decrease in CO emissions in Stove A compared to the three stone fire wood stove and a 60% decrease in charcoal stove B compared to metallic charcoal jiko. All traditional stoves fell below WHO limit of 30ppm over an hour of CO exposure.CO2 decreased by 20% and 6% with stoves A and B compared to three stone and metallic jiko. Charcoal Stove B and Three-stone firewood stoves were above 600ppm, WHO limit. There was an 80% decrease in PM2.5 in stove B, compared to metallic jiko and 17% decrease in stove A compared to three stone firewood stove. All stoves except B exceeded 0.2mg/m3 limit set by WHO for PM2.5 when using biomass fuel. There was a 63% increase in level of efficiency in charcoal stove B compared to the Metallic Jiko while a 64% increase in thermal efficiency in stove A compared to three stone stove. A 73% and 23% decrease in specific fuel consumption was noted in firewood stove A and charcoal stove B compared to the metallic and three stone firewood stove respectively. Objectives of the study were met.
In Ghana, about 73% of households rely on solid fuels for cooking. Over 13,000 annual deaths are attributed to exposure to indoor air pollution from inefficient combustion. In this study, assessment of thermal efficiency, emissions, and total global warming impact of three cookstoves commonly used in Ghana was completed using the International Workshop Agreement (IWA) Water Boiling Test (WBT) protocol. Statistical averages of three replicate tests for each cookstove were computed. Thermal efficiency results were: wood-burning cookstove: 12.2 ± 5.00% (Tier 0); coalpot charcoal stove: 23.3 ± 0.73% (Tier 1–2); and Gyapa charcoal cookstove: 30.00 ± 4.63% (Tier 2–3). The wood-burning cookstove emitted more CO, CO 2 , and PM 2.5 than the coalpot charcoal stove and Gyapa charcoal cookstove. The emission factor (EF) for PM 2.5 and the emission rate for the wood-burning cookstove were over four times higher than the coalpot charcoal stove and Gyapa charcoal cookstove. To complete the WBT, the study results showed that, by using the Gyapa charcoal cookstove instead of the wood-burning cookstove, the global warming impact could be potentially reduced by approximately 75% and using the Gyapa charcoal cookstove instead of the coalpot charcoal cookstove by 50%. We conclude that there is the need for awareness, policy, and incentives to enable end-users to switch to, and adopt, Gyapa charcoal cookstoves for increased efficiency and reduced emissions/global warming impact.
13th Asia Pacific Conference on the Built Environment, Hong Kong, 2015
In the Philippines, nearly 30% of households use charcoal for cooking applications, especially in rural areas. This method of cooking produces contaminants which negatively affects the indoor air quality (IAQ) of the said households. Three (3) charcoal-fuelled cookstoves were designed and fabricated, adapting existing improved cookstove designs. Various parameters were measured to compare the three improved cookstoves and a typical, low-cost cookstove available in the market. Several variables were measured during the performance of a water boiling test in a laboratory setup. Concentration of identified tracer contaminants, namely CO2, CO and both inhalable and respirable PM, produced from fuel combustion were assessed. The performance of all four (4) stoves was also compared. All of the improved cookstoves required less time to boil the water, had lower specific fuel consumption, higher thermal efficiency and better turn-down ratio than the typical cookstove. It was also observed that the improved cookstoves produced less of the tracer contaminants than the typical stove. 88 The 13th Asia Pacific Conference on the Built Environment. Keywords: Charcoal cookstoves, indoor air quality, household air pollution
In-Home Emissions Performance of Cookstoves in Asia and Africa
Atmosphere
This paper presents results from eight field studies in Asia and Africa on the emissions performance of 16 stove/fuel combinations measured during normal cooking events in homes. Characterizing real-world emissions performance is important for understanding the climate and health implications of technologies being promoted as alternatives to displace baseline cooking stoves and fuels. Almost all of the stove interventions were measured to have substantial reductions in PM2.5 and CO emissions compared to their respective baseline technologies (reductions of 24–87% and 25–80%, for PM2.5 and CO emission rates, respectively), though comparison with performance guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) suggests that further improvement for biomass stoves would help realize more health benefits. The emissions of LPG stoves were generally below the WHO interim PM2.5 emissions target (1.75 mg/min) though it was not clear h...
Development of Improved Charcoal-Fueled Cookstove for Cooking Applications in Rural Households
In the Philippines, charcoal is among the preferred fuel types used for residential cooking and water boiling applications. However, charcoal combustion emissions are known to contain compounds toxic to human health. It is estimated that millions of Filipinos residing in households that use charcoal for cooking and water boiling may be exposed to alarming concentrations of household air pollutants (HAP). Indoor exposure of residents is a function of many variables such as fuel combustion efficiency, fuel type, emission exhaust from the dwelling space, ventilation, and kitchen placement and orientation. The study focused on the development of an improved cookstove, the assessment of its performance, and the impact of its use on the exposure of a simulated occupant. A modified water boiling test was conducted, based on the protocol developed by the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. Cookstove performance was quantified using the former's ready-made e-spreadsheet. HAP considered in the study were carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and both respirable and inhalable particulate matter. Physical conditions (dry bulb temperature and relative humidity) were also assessed.
Article, 2016
In this work, the objective is to propose conceptual models of improved stoves capable of saving fuels and increasing the energy autonomy of cooking stoves. The stove construction technique has made it possible to manufacture ecological and sustainable improved cooking stoves. The Active Method of Research and Participatory Planning (MARPP) was used in the surveys. The ASTME711-87 method (2004) and the MA protocol, 108-P.Cal. 1.0 helped to obtain an average calorific value of 28.15±02.53MJ/kg, a maximum calorific and energy efficiency expected from combustion stoves of 50%. The average humidity rate in the combustion chamber is 23.08±02.52% governed by an average temperature before ignition of 33.85±05.86°C with an average heating time of the combustion chambers of 12.48±01.96 min. The protocol for measuring the collection efficiency and the performance of the fibrous media in filtration made it possible to determine a direct interception ratio of fine particles of 0.561±0.051 with a total average quantity of fluorescent particles injected of 13.92±0.74 L/min. When evaluating the performance of the fibrous media in filtration, the collection efficiency is 0.21±0.08 L/min while the pressure drop 0.023±0.005 L/min.). When analyzing the particles collected by the smoke filters of the improved stoves, the evaluation of the collection efficiency with the acid gas treatment filter indicates that CO2 (67.10±0.63%) and (NH4) HCO3 (16.33±01.21%) were better filtered with the SAHEL NATURE CONSULTING stove. The highest fuel economy is 61.07±03.09% with an average of 0.716±0.093kg of charcoal produced. The energy autonomy of improved stoves has made it possible to observe that the maximum heat (871.02±58.32°C) obtained in the combustion chamber. The analysis of the socioeconomic impacts of improved stoves in households, it appears that the most used heat in households is that of traditional African three-legged stoves due to its high accessibility rate and the weight of culinary habits although users have noted a high emission of smoke (80.1±0.5%).