Theoretical analysis of the sensor effect of cantilever piezoelectric benders (original) (raw)
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Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, 2007
An important aim of the presented book is the explanation of the application of piezoelectric materials such as piezoceramics within the wide field of electromechanical actuators and sensor technology. The reader should be presented the physical and mechanical properties of piezoceramics in a distinct way. In a next step, the reader is introduced into the mechanical description of the static behavior of piezoelectric multilayer beam bending actuators. The description of the dynamic behavior of piezoelectric multilayered bending actuators is effected on the basis of Lagrange‘s formalism and Hamilton‘s principle. The achieved insights are used for the systematic development of the electromechanical circuit representation within the scope of the network theory for any design of piezoelectric bending actuators. The applications of piezoelectric multilayer beam bending actuators can be extended by means of special displacement sensors allowing for the compensation of effects such as hysteresis, creep and drift being typical for piezoelectric actuators. Within the scope of the presented book, two different sensor-actuator-systems are presented being based on an integrated capacitive and inductive displacement sensor, respectively. Analytical simulations of the static and dynamic behavior are compared to real measurement results of a specially developed piezoelectric multilayer beam bender. Here, the suitability of the developed theoretical aspects is shown in an outstanding way.
Mechanical and electrical fields of piezoelectric curved sensors
Archives of Mechanics, 2014
Based on the theory of elasticity, a comprehensive mathematical model is developed for a piezoelectric bimorph curved bar which is in a closed electrical circuit. First, the model is verified by considering an actuator under an initial electric potential, and the numerical results are compared with those of a related study in the literature. Then, the model is used to obtain the mechanical and electrical fields of a bimorph curved sensor subjected to a couple at its free end section. Hence, the bending that causes the generation of electric potential in the sensor is investigated. The influence of the applied couple on the mechanical and electrical fields in the curved sensor is examined, and the results are presented in graphical form.
Modeling and characterization of piezoelectric cantilever bending sensor for energy harvesting
Sensors and Actuators A-physical, 2011
The main aim of this work is to enhance the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy by using direct piezoelectric effect. Under the assumption of the Euler–Bernoulli Beam Theory, a piezoelectric cantilever bending of 31-effect was developed. The equations of motion for the global system were established by using Hamilton's principle and solved by using the modal decomposition method. It provided the transfer functions model between the inputs (force) and the outputs (voltage) allowing the description of its dynamic behaviour for energy harvesting. The model was implemented by using Matlab software and will be able to integrate with the circuit model of energy storage. The results obtained show a good agreement with the experiments and other previous works. The model and the experiment indicate that the second mode of resonant frequency provides the voltage and the bandwidth much larger than the first mode. While the mass at the free end increases, the voltage obtained by the first mode increases. In contrast, the voltage obtained by the second mode decreases.
Integrated Ferroelectrics, 2019
Piezoelectric actuators are widely used in many fields such as medical instruments, optics, and aerospace due to their small size and high reliability. Piezoelectric cantilever actuators are used in different configurations such as unimorph and bimorph. In this paper, a 3-D lead zirconate titanate (PZT) bimorph was modeled in COMSOL Multiphysics software for investigation of series and parallel configuration. Theoretical analysis has been developed for the measurement of deformation of a piezoelectric cantilever in inverse piezoelectric effect. The experiment was also performed to examine the deformation of piezoelectric bimorph cantilever. It is found that under a constant applied electric field of 100 V bimorph piezoelectric actuator produces maximum deformation at 100 mm length, 30 mm width, and 20 mm thickness. It is also found that piezoelectric series benders have relatively less deformation than piezoelectric parallel benders. Experimental results show good agreement with the...
Piezoelectric Composites as Bender Actuators
Integrated Ferroelectrics, 2005
Lead Zirconate Titanate, PZT, layered into a composite with different materials, produces pre-stressed, curved, devices capable of enhanced displacement. This study focuses on Thunder and Lipca which are built using different combinations of constituent materials. Thunder devices consist of layers of aluminum, PZT, and stainless steel bonded with a hot-melt adhesive. Lipca devices consist of carbon and fiberglass layers with a PZT layer sandwiched in between them. Measuring out-of-plane displacement under load as a function of temperature is used to evaluate field-dependent stiffness. Results show that Lipca devices have higher stiffness than Thunder at 24 • C, but lower at other temperatures.
A Novel Approach to a Piezoelectric Sensing Element
Journal of Sensors, 2010
Piezoelectric materials have commonly been used in pressure and stress sensors; however, many designs consist of thin plate structures that produce small voltage signals when they are compressed or extended under a pressure field. This study used finite element methods to design a novel piezoelectric pressure sensor with a C-shaped piezoelectric element, and determine if the voltage signal obtained during hydrostatic pressure application was enhanced compared to a standard thin plate piezoelectric element. The results of this study demonstrated how small deformations of this C-shaped sensor produced a large electrical signal output. It was also shown that the location of the electrodes for this sensor needs to be carefully chosen and that the electric potential distribution varies depending on the poling of the piezoelectric element. This study indicated that the utilization of piezoelectric materials of different shapes and geometries embedded in a polymer matrix for sensing applications has several advantages over thin plate solid piezoelectric structures.
Mikrosystemtechnik Kongress, 2005
Low voltage piezoelectric multilayer beam bending actuators are suitable for a wide range of applications that require deflection in range of hundreds of microns. A variety of applications has been realized, for example in robotics, automotive and in health care. To use piezoelectric bending actuators the accurate control of the beam deflection is necessary. However influences like hysteresis, non-linearities, creep, drift and external forces have to be compensated. In this paper we present a piezoelectric multilayer ceramic bender system with an integrated non-contact inductive sensor in combination with an especially developed ASIC. The emphasis is laid on an optimized sensor output and a minimal influence of the sensor on the actuator performance. The size of the sensor with the electronic circuit allows the usage in applications where small dimensions of a sensing system are needed.
Review of Scientific Instruments, 2010
Single-layer uniform cross-sectioned piezoelectric macro-cantilevers fabricated with an asymmetric electrode configuration enabled electrical measurement of picogram-sensitive resonant bending modes in liquids. Bending modes were otherwise not electrically measurable without excitation by a nonuniform electric field created by the geometric asymmetry in electrode design used. Electrode modification was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Mass-change sensitivity was tested using both bulk density changes and surface chemisorption experiments in a continuous flow apparatus. Significant response to density changes as small as 0.004 g/mL was measured. A sensitivity limit of ∼1 picogram in liquid was determined from 1-dodecanethiol chemisorption experiments. The sensitivity decreased with chemisorbed mass and was log-linear over five orders of magnitude. The observed resonance responses were in agreement with previously reported models of resonating cantilever sensors. This work demonstrates experimentally for the first time that introducing electrode asymmetry enables measurement of bending modes in cantilevers containing only a single piezoelectric layer.
Comparative analysis of piezoelectric bending-mode actuators
Smart Structures and Materials 1997: Smart Materials Technologies, 1997
Ti(C,N) film formed by ion-beam-assisted deposition [3040-40] H. Liu, Y. Chen, Southwest Jiao Tong Univ. (China); H. Cai, Hong Kong Univ. 294 lon-exchange-metal composite artificial muscle actuator load characterization and modeling [3040-44] M. Mojarrad, M. Shahinpoor, Univ. of New Mexico
International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2016
This paper presents a versatile platform named V ariational A symptotic M ethod (VAM), to model and analyze a piezoelectric cantilever sensor under static and dynamic load. Variational asymptotic method is a mathematically rigorous dimentional reduction methodology and has been previously used to model different structures which can be defined by an energy functional having one or more small inherent parameters; but, it has never been explicitly applied to capture the multiphysics behavior of a sensor. Piezoelectric based sensing technology has seen an explosive growth in the last decade with its various applications in different domain, such as energy harvesters, aerospace application, soft robotics, wind turbine, biomechanics, etc. So, an efficient mathematical model is highly required to get a better insight of the multiphysics behavior of an electromechanical structure. The present study highlights the capability of the theory to effectively capture the electromechanical response of a piezo-sensor under any static or dynamic load. The example problems considered in this present study include a single layer piezosensor as well as a double layer piezo-sensor bonded with aluminum. For static analysis, we have testified the model under a constant tip load. The discussed method effectively captures the voltage distribution across the thickness of the structure which is one of the fundamental parameter for a sensor model. The response accuracy obtained through variational asymptotic method is very good compared with the 3D simulation response performed in ABAQUS. For dynamic analysis a single layered piezo-sensor has been studied under a tip harmonic force. The structure response is studied for both damped as well as undamped conditions. Displacement and corresponding voltage output for specific excitation frequency which is close to its first natural frequency has been studied. The model efficacy under dynamic load has been validated with the experimental study performed by Ly et al. (2011). The present model has numerous potential applications like in PZT cantilever design for chemo-sensing, disease diagnostic, energy harvesting for self powered electronics, AFM higher harmonic imaging etc. The present theory along with the piezoelectric physics have been implemented in a modified version of VABS II (2004).