Arsenic adsorption from groundwater using non-toxic waste as adsorbent (original) (raw)

Abstract

Millions of people in the world are exposed to arsenic-contaminated groundwater. To decrease the concentration of arsenic in water, adsorption of arsenic was performed on a simple and easily available material, that is, eggshell. Powdered eggshell (ES) was prepared and was characterized by using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). It was revealed from FTIR and EDX that the presence of CaCO 3 in ES is the major reason for arsenic adsorption. Removal of As(III) and As(V) as a function of the adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, and agitation speed were studied. The adsorption capacity is strongly influenced by the pH of the solution. ES removed 68.54% of As(III) and 72.01% of As(V) under optimum conditions from 2 mg/L As(III) and As(V) solutions. ES was also carbonized at 700°C, and it could remove 70.09% of As(III) and 76.44% of As(V) under similar conditions. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics were determined for As(III) and As(V). As(III) adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm, revealing monolayer adsorption. As(V) adsorption followed the Freundlich isotherm, revealing multilayer adsorption. Similarly, adsorption of As(III) and As(V) on carbonized eggshell followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and on ES followed Elovich kinetics, both suggesting that the adsorption process is a chemisorption process. Also, the study of the intraparticle diffusion model concluded that there was surface adsorption along with an intraparticle diffusion mechanism during the adsorption of arsenic. The best isotherm and kinetic models were selected, based on the error values using the chi-square test, root mean square error, and average percentage error.

Figures (18)

Arsenic concentration in groundwater of different countries Table 1

Arsenic concentration in groundwater of different countries Table 1

where, Feexp™ adsorption capacity obtained from the exper- iment (mg/g); ee adsorption capacity obtained from theoretical calculation from the model (mg/g); N: number of observations. The lower the value of the error, the better is the model.

where, Feexp™ adsorption capacity obtained from the exper- iment (mg/g); ee adsorption capacity obtained from theoretical calculation from the model (mg/g); N: number of observations. The lower the value of the error, the better is the model.

Fig. 1. BET surface area plot of (a) ES and (b) CES. D. Dhakal, S. Babel / Desalination and Water Treatment 185 (2020) 209-225

Fig. 1. BET surface area plot of (a) ES and (b) CES. D. Dhakal, S. Babel / Desalination and Water Treatment 185 (2020) 209-225

Fig. 2. FTIR spectra of (a) ES, As(III) loaded ES, and As(V) loaded ES (b) CES, As(III) loaded CES, and As(V) loaded CES. D. Dhakal, S. Babel / Desalination and Water Treatment 185 (2020) 209-225

Fig. 2. FTIR spectra of (a) ES, As(III) loaded ES, and As(V) loaded ES (b) CES, As(III) loaded CES, and As(V) loaded CES. D. Dhakal, S. Babel / Desalination and Water Treatment 185 (2020) 209-225

Fig. 3. SEM images of (a) ES, (b) ES after adsorption, (c) CES, and (d) CES after adsorption (10,000X).

Fig. 3. SEM images of (a) ES, (b) ES after adsorption, (c) CES, and (d) CES after adsorption (10,000X).

Fig. 4. Effects of adsorbent dose on the removal of As(III) and As(V) by using ES (experimental conditions: pH: 7; time: 2 h; speed: 100 rpm).

Fig. 4. Effects of adsorbent dose on the removal of As(III) and As(V) by using ES (experimental conditions: pH: 7; time: 2 h; speed: 100 rpm).

Fig. 5. Effects of pH on the removal of As(III) and As(V) by using ES (time: 2 h; speed: 100 rpm).

Fig. 5. Effects of pH on the removal of As(III) and As(V) by using ES (time: 2 h; speed: 100 rpm).

Fig. 6. Point of zero charge (pHpzc) curve of ES. D. Dhakal, S. Babel / Desalination and Water Treatment 185 (2020) 209-225

Fig. 6. Point of zero charge (pHpzc) curve of ES. D. Dhakal, S. Babel / Desalination and Water Treatment 185 (2020) 209-225

Fig. 7. Effects of contact time on the removal of As(III) and As(V) by using ES (Speed: 100 rpm).

Fig. 7. Effects of contact time on the removal of As(III) and As(V) by using ES (Speed: 100 rpm).

Fig. 8. Effects of agitation speed on the removal of As(III) and As(V) by using ES.

Fig. 8. Effects of agitation speed on the removal of As(III) and As(V) by using ES.

Fig. 10. Amount of arsenic removed in the presence of Phos- phate (P) and Nitrate (N) ions at different ratios by using ES (At optimum conditions with initial arsenic concentration of 2 mg/L at pH 7). Fig. 9. Effects of initial analyte concentration on removal of As(III) and As(V) by using ES.

Fig. 10. Amount of arsenic removed in the presence of Phos- phate (P) and Nitrate (N) ions at different ratios by using ES (At optimum conditions with initial arsenic concentration of 2 mg/L at pH 7). Fig. 9. Effects of initial analyte concentration on removal of As(III) and As(V) by using ES.

Fig. 11. As(III) and As(V) removal by using CES at different ini- tial analyte concentrations. For As(V) adsorption, lower error values were obtained for the Freundlich isotherm model, followed by the

Fig. 11. As(III) and As(V) removal by using CES at different ini- tial analyte concentrations. For As(V) adsorption, lower error values were obtained for the Freundlich isotherm model, followed by the

Highest R? value and the lowest y?, RMSE, and APE (%) values among the three isotherm models are in bold. N/A: Not Analyzec Isotherm constant of three models with error analysis values Table 3

Highest R? value and the lowest y?, RMSE, and APE (%) values among the three isotherm models are in bold. N/A: Not Analyzec Isotherm constant of three models with error analysis values Table 3

D. Dhakal, S. Babel / Desalination and Water Treatment 185 (2020) 209-225 Fig. 12. (a) Langmuir, (b) Freundlich, and (c) Elovich adsorption isotherms of As(III) and As(V) adsorption by ES and CES (Adsorbent dose: 6 g/L; pH: 7, contact time: 80 min for As(III) and 160 min for As(V); speed: 100 rpm).

D. Dhakal, S. Babel / Desalination and Water Treatment 185 (2020) 209-225 Fig. 12. (a) Langmuir, (b) Freundlich, and (c) Elovich adsorption isotherms of As(III) and As(V) adsorption by ES and CES (Adsorbent dose: 6 g/L; pH: 7, contact time: 80 min for As(III) and 160 min for As(V); speed: 100 rpm).

Fig. 13. (a) Pseudo-first-order, (b) pseudo-second-order, (c) Elovich kinetics, and (d) Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion models of adsorption of As(III) and As(V) by ES and CES (Adsorbent dose: 6 g/L; pH: 7; initial analyte concentration: 2 mg/L; speed: 100 rpm).

Fig. 13. (a) Pseudo-first-order, (b) pseudo-second-order, (c) Elovich kinetics, and (d) Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion models of adsorption of As(III) and As(V) by ES and CES (Adsorbent dose: 6 g/L; pH: 7; initial analyte concentration: 2 mg/L; speed: 100 rpm).

Kinetic parameters of four kinetic equations with error analysis values Highest R? value and the lowest x?, RMSE, APE (%), and SNE values among three kinetic models are in bold. Table 5

Kinetic parameters of four kinetic equations with error analysis values Highest R? value and the lowest x?, RMSE, APE (%), and SNE values among three kinetic models are in bold. Table 5

Comparison of optimum conditions and isotherm constants of arsenic adsorption with other studies

Comparison of optimum conditions and isotherm constants of arsenic adsorption with other studies

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