Prospective study on food fortification with vitamin D among adolescent females in Finland: minor effects (original) (raw)
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European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006
Background: Vitamin D insufficiency is common in northern countries during wintertime. In Finland, after the recommendation by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, vitamin D has been added to liquid milk products and margarines from February 2003. Objective: We determined the effects of national policy on vitamin D fortification on vitamin D status among young Finnish men. Design: A comparison before and after intervention with study population of 196 young Finnish men (18-28 years) was carried out. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (25-OHD 3 ) concentrations were determined with the OCTEIA s enzymeimmunoassay by IDS (Immunodiagnostic Systems Limited, Bolden, UK) in January 2003 (n ¼ 96) and in January 2004 (n ¼ 100), nearly 1 year after national vitamin D fortification had started. Results: The mean serum 25-OHD 3 concentrations during the wintertime increased by 50% after implementation of the vitamin D fortification of dairy products. Correspondingly, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (serum 25-OHD 3 o40 nmol/l) was decreased by 50% from 78% in January 2003 to 35% in January 2004. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that national vitamin D fortification substantially improved the vitamin D status of young Finnish men. Still, a third remained vitamin D insufficient.
The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2017
Background: A systematic vitamin D fortification of fluid milk products and fat spreads was started in 2003 in Finland to improve vitamin D status. Objective: We investigated the effects of the vitamin D fortification policy on vitamin D status in Finland between 2000 and 2011.Design: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [S-25(OH)D] concentrations of a nationally representative sample comprising 6134 and 4051 adults aged ≥30 y from the Health 2000 and Health 2011 surveys, respectively, were standardized according to the Vitamin D Standardization Program with the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the change in S-25(OH)D concentrations.Results: Between 2000 and 2011, the mean S-25(OH)D increased from 48 nmol/L (95% CI: 47, 48 nmol/L) to 65 nmol/L (95% CI: 65, 66 nmol/L) (P < 0.001). The prevalence of vitamin D supplement users increased from 11% to 41% (P < 0.001). When analyzing the effect of fortification of f...
Vitamin D deficiency and lifestyle risk factors in a Norwegian adolescent population
Scandinavian journal of public health, 2014
The aim was to study vitamin D status in a healthy adolescent Norwegian population at 69°N. The data presented come from The Tromsø Study: Fit Futures, during the school year 2010/2011 (not including the summer months), where 1,038 (92% of those invited) participated. Physical examinations, questionnaires and blood samples were collected, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS are presented from 475 boys and 415 girls (15-18 years old) with available blood samples. A total of 60.2% had vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency (serum 25(OH)D <50 nmol/l), 16.5% were deficient (<25 nmol/l) and 1.6% had severe vitamin D deficiency (<12.5 nmol/l). Only 12.4% had levels >75 nmol/l. A significant gender difference with a mean (SD) serum 25(OH)D level of 40.5 (20.5) nmol/l in boys and 54.2 (23.2) nmol/l in girls (p <0.01) was present. Furthermore, 51.3% of girls had levels >50 nmol/l in comparison to 29.7% of boys (p <0.01). There was...
British Journal of Nutrition, 2012
An adequate vitamin D status is essential during childhood and adolescence, for its important role in cell growth, skeletal structure and development. It also reduces the risk of conditions such as CVD, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, infections and autoimmune disease. As comparable data on the European level are lacking, assessment of vitamin D concentrations was included in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study. Fasting blood samples were obtained from a subsample of 1006 adolescents (470 males; 46·8 %) with an age range of 12·5-17·5 years, selected in the ten HELENA cities in the nine European countries participating in this cross-sectional study, and analysed for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) by ELISA using EDTA plasma. As specific reference values for adolescents are missing, percentile distribution were computed by age and sex. Median 25(OH)D levels for the whole population were 57·1 nmol/l (5th percentile 24·3 nmol/l, 95th percentile 99·05 nmol/l). Vitamin D status was classified into four groups according to international guidelines (sufficiency/optimal levels $75 nmol/l; insufficiency 50 -75 nmol/l; deficiency 27·5 -49·99 nmol/l and severe deficiency ,27·5 nmol/l). About 80 % of the sample had suboptimal levels (39 % had insufficient, 27 % deficient and 15 % severely deficient levels). Vitamin D concentrations increased with age (P,0·01) and tended to decrease according to BMI. Geographical differences were also identified. Our study results indicate that vitamin D deficiency is a highly prevalent condition in European adolescents and should be a matter of concern for public health authorities.
The Status of Vitamin D Among Children Aged 0 to 18 Years
The Journal of Pediatric Research, 2021
This study aimed to examine the status of vitamin D in children, to compare vitamin D levels according to the seasons, and to estimate vitamin D testing trends during the years of the study. Materials and Methods: Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels of 51,560 children aged between 0-18 years who had been admitted to nine hospitals between 2015 and 2017 were evaluated. Comparisons of 25(OH)D levels with age groups, gender, and seasons were made. Additionally, vitamin D testing was compared year by year in terms of frequency. Results: Of the patients, 20% (n=10,611) had vitamin D deficiency and 34% (n=17,385) had vitamin D insufficiency. Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly higher in boys than in girls (p<0.01). There was a significant difference between serum 25(OH)D levels and the age groups. The highest mean 25(OH)D levels were detected in infants (33.95 ng/mL) and the lowest in adolescents (18.3 ng/mL). Significant seasonal variability of 25(OH)D levels was detected (p<0.01). Vitamin D deficiency was determined most frequently in winter with a frequency of 30.7%. A threefold increase in 25(OH)D testing was determined over the 3-year period. Conclusion: Female gender, adolescence, and the winter season were found to be important risk factors for vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. Further evidence is needed to clarify whom to test in order to avoid over-testing.
Public health nutrition, 2017
To understand the relationship between vitamin D intake and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in a sample of Portuguese adolescents. Cross-sectional evaluation carried out in the 2003/2004 school year. Vitamin D intake was assessed by an FFQ and 25(OH)D was measured in a fasting blood sample. Public and private schools in Porto, Portugal. Adolescents aged 13 years (n 521) enrolled at school (EPITeen cohort). Both mean (sd) intake and serum 25(OH)D level were far below the recommended, 4·47 (2·49) µg/d and 16·5 (5·7) ng/ml, respectively. A significant difference in serum level was found according to season, with lower values in winter than summer (14·8 (4·6) v. 17·3 (5·9) ng/ml, P<0·001). Vitamin D intake was weakly correlated with serum 25(OH)D (r=0·056, P=0·203). Dietary vitamin D and serum 25(OH)D levels were positively but weakly correlated and the error was higher among those with higher serum 25(OH)D concentration. Our results support the need for strategies that pr...
Vitamin D Status and Its Determinants in a Paediatric Population in Norway
Nutrients
Recommendations for sufficient vitamin D intake in children were recently revised in Norway. However, optimal levels of vitamin D are still debated and knowledge on supplementation and vitamin D levels in healthy children in Norway is scarce. Therefore, we measured the plasma-concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in children and adolescents attending the outpatient paediatric clinics in Innlandet Hospital Trust, Norway during two consecutive years (2015–2017). We recruited 301 children and adolescents aged 5 months to 18 years (mean 7.8, SD 4.4 years) for the study and obtained sample material for 25(OH)D measurements from 295 (98%). Information on diet, vitamin D supplementation, sun exposure, ethnicity, parental education and general health was collected by questionnaire. 25(OH)D levels were analysed and determinants for 25(OH)D were estimated by linear regression. 1.0% of the children had deficient levels (25(OH)D < 25 nmol/L) and 21.0% had insufficient levels (25–50 ...
Factors Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency in European Adolescents: The HELENA Study
Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 2013
Adolescence is a critical life-stage period characterised by rapid growth and development. Low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations have been negatively associated with obesity and healthy lifestyle habits (1, 2). We have previously reported high prevalence (up to 80%) of hypovitaminosis D (,75 nmol/L) in European adolescents participating in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study (3). The complexity of vitamin D metabolism poses difficulties in the identification and determination of factors related to vitamin D insufficiency. Its status is largely determined by environmen-
As prevention of osteoporosis becomes more imperative with the global ageing of the population, establishing different measures to fight vitamin D deficiency will also become increasingly important. The aim of this study is to help assess the efficacy of vitamin D-fortified milk on circulating concentrations of 25(OH)D (as the primary outcome), a widely accepted indicator of vitamin D status, in Tehran students. Another objective of the protocol is to help assess the compliance with fortified dairy in students of different socioeconomic classes. The cluster-randomized trial (CITFOMIST) is conducted on 15- to19-year olds guidance and high school students of both genders from different districts of Tehran, in wintertime. The schools enrolled in this study are randomly assigned to receive one of the three groups of milk (whole milk, milk that contained 600 IU Vit D/1000cc, or milk that contained 1000 IU Vit D /1000cc) for a 30-day period. In order to study the effect of vitamin D-forti...
Low Vitamin D Status in a Representative Sample of Youth From Quebec, Canada
Clinical Chemistry, 2008
BACKGROUND: Adequate vitamin D status is important for bone growth and mineralization and has been implicated in the regulation of autoimmunity, metabolic function, and cancer prevention. There are no reports of population-based studies on the vitamin D status of Canadian youth, a population with mandatory fortification of foods.