Analysis of the Effect of Loading on the Transformers Usage Time (original) (raw)
Analysis of the Effect of Loading on the Transformers Usage Time
Adi Syahputra Ritonga (□){ }^{(\square)}, Muchlis Abdul Muthalib², Muhammad Daud², Hamdi Akmal Lubis³, Biswas Babu Pokhrel 4{ }^{4}, Sudip Phuyal 5{ }^{5}, & Umakant B. Gohatre 6{ }^{6}
1{ }^{1} Renewable Energy Engineering Master’s Program, Malikussaleh University, Bukit Indah, Lhokseumawe, 24351, Indonesia
2{ }^{2} Department of Electrical Engineering, Malikussaleh University, Bukit Indah, Lhokseumawe, 24351, Indonesia
3{ }^{3} Faculty of Civil Engineering, Geo-and Environmental Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
4{ }^{4} Mid-Western University, Nepal
5{ }^{5} Kathmandu University, Nepal
6{ }^{6} SIGCE, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai university, Maharashtra, India
adiritonga01@gmail.com; muchlis.abd@unimal.ac.id; mdaud@unimal.ac.id; hamdi.lubis@kit.edu; pokharelbabubiswas@gmail.com; sudip1@yahoo.com; umakantgohatre1@gmail.com
1/2{ }^{1 / 2} Corresponding Author: adiritonga01@gmail.com | Phone: +6285297395431
Abstract
The reliability and stability of the system in the operation of the electric power system is very important, in order to provide comfort in service to consumers. The transformer is a very important component in the electric power system, because it is used as a voltage adjuster for the load being served. This study discusses the effect of loading and temperature on the life shrinkage of 36/60 MVA power transformers in block 3 and block 4 carried out at PT. PJB UBJ O&M PLTMG Arun Lhokseumawe, Aceh. From the calculation results after 4 years the transformer operates, if the transformer is given a 100%100 \% load, the transformer will experience an age difference of 2.52 p.u/day so that it has a remaining life for of 10 years. As for the transformer that is given a load of 90%90 \%, the transformer will experience an age difference of 1.44 p.u/day so that it has a remaining life to perform operations for another 18 years. Then for a transformer that is given a load of 80%80 \%, the transformer will experience an age difference of 0.67 p.u/day so that it will have a remaining life to carry out the operation again for another 38 years. From the above calculation, the origin of the temperature obtained for the ONAN type of cooler in block 3 is 0.71 p.u/day and in block 4 it is 0.70 p.u/day. While the ONAF type of cooler in block 3 is 0.004 p.u/day and in block 4 it is 0.005 p.u/day. This is in accordance with the regulation SPLN50/1982 regarding transformer life shrinkage.
Keywords: electric power system; transformer; loading effect;
Introduction
The rapid development of electricity demand at this time must be followed by optimization of electrical power system equipment so that electrical energy can continue to be distributed continuously and uninterruptedly to electricity consumers(Pandapotan & Warman, 2016).One of the most important pieces of equipment in the distribution of electric power is the power transformer. The function of this power transformer is to transform the voltage according to the needs of the load (Sulasno, 2001).
The transformer is a very important component in the electric power system, because it is used as a voltage adjuster for the load being served. Therefore, the quality of the transformer must be maintained so that it can last a long time (Solikhudin, 2010).Many things affect the decline in age, such as the temperature of the transformer and the temperature around the transformer, the worst loading occurs at the peak of 100%100 \% with a relatively low average life expectancy. With the increase in the load factor and ambient temperature, the aging rate of the transformer increases and the life of the transformer decreases with the operation of the transformer(Andika et al., 2018).
PT. PJB UBJ O&M PLMG Arun is a power plant with a capacity of 184 MW and supplies electrical power in the city of Ihokseumawe and its surroundings. Meanwhile, the increasing use of electrical power is increasing so that the effect of loading the power transformer is also a problem during the period of using the transformer (Sigit et al., 2011).
Literature Review
Transformer is an electrical equipment that is included in the classification of electric machines and serves to distribute electrical power from high voltage to low voltage or vice versa, with the same frequency(Petra, 2017). In operation, power transformers are generally grounded at the neutral point, according to the need for a safety or protection system(Situmorang, 2011). For example, a 150/70 kV transformer is earthed directly on the neutral side of 150 kV , and a 70/20kV70 / 20 \mathrm{kV} transformer is earthed with a resistance on the neutral side of 20 kV . The basic theory of the transformer is 'If there is alternating electric current flowing through the iron core, the iron core will turn large and if the
magnet is surrounded by windings then at both ends of the winding there will be voltage. around the magnet, so that an electromotive force (EMF) will arise(Bambang N & others, 2020).
Transformer oil is one of the liquid insulating materials used as insulation and coolant in transformers. As part of the insulating material, oil must have the ability to withstand breakdown voltages, while as a coolant, transformer oil must be considered capable of handling the heat generated, so with these two capabilities, the oil is expected to be able to protect the transformer from interference (Putra & Murdiya, 2017).
Table 1. Transformer cooling type (Efendi, 2018)
| No | Cooling System Type | Media | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inside the Transformer | Outside the Transformer | |||
| Natural Circulation | Forced Circulation | Natural Circulation | ||
| 1 | AN | - | - | Air |
| 2 | AF | - | - | - |
| 3 | ONAN | Oil | - | Air |
| 4 | ONAF | Oil | - | - |
| 5 | OFAN | - | Oil | Air |
| 6 | OFAF | - | Oil | - |
| 7 | OFWF | - | Oil | - |
| 8 | ONAN/ ONAF | Combination3 and 4 | ||
| 9 | ONAN/ OFAN | Combination3 and 5 | ||
| 10 | ONAN/ OFAF | Combination3 and 6 | ||
| 11 | ONAN/ OFWF | Combination3 and 7 |
The IEC specifies a transformer life of 20 years or 7300 days, so the normal life loss is 0.0137%0.0137 \% per day. Shrinkage due to hot temperatures can be seen in table 2 .
Table 2. Transformer cooling type(Sulasno, 2001)
| 0∘C0^{\circ} \mathrm{C} | 80 | 86 | 92 | 98 | 104 | 110 | 116 | 122 | 128 | 134 | 140 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Δ1\Delta 1 day | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 128 |
Materials &Methods
This study discusses the effect of loading and environmental temperature on shrinkage of 36/60 MVA power transformers block 3 and block 4 conducted at PT. PJB UBJ O&M PLTMG ArunLhokseumawe, Nangroe Aceh Darussalam.This research was conducted by direct observation to the field and the data obtained were in the form of observational data on transformers which became the object of research as well as observations of the temperature around the observation location. This study also uses quantitative data, namely data in the form of numbers such as transformer loading data for 24 hours.
For certain rated power conditions: Natural oil circulation Increase in average coil temperature (measured by resistance) =60∘C=60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}. Top oil temperature rise (Δθwo)=55∘C\left(\Delta \theta_{w o}\right)=55^{\circ} \mathrm{C}. The increase in the average temperature of the oil (Δθb)=40∘C\left(\Delta \theta_{b}\right)=40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}. The difference between the average temperature rises of the coil and the average temperature rise of the oil (Δθwo)=21∘C\left(\Delta \theta_{w o}\right)=21^{\circ} \mathrm{C}. (Source: PT PJB UBJ O&M PLTMG Arun, 2019).
Hot spot temperature rise ((Δθcr)\left(\left(\Delta \theta_{c r}\right)\right. is arranged as follows(Syahputri Marantika, 2016)(Siahaan, 2018)(Perera et al., 2001) :
Δθcr=Δθb+1,1Δθwo\Delta \theta_{c r}=\Delta \theta_{b}+1,1 \Delta \theta_{w o}
a. Top oil temperature rise
Δθb=Δθbr[1+dR21+d]α\Delta \theta_{b}=\Delta \theta_{b r}\left[\frac{1+d R^{2}}{1+d}\right]^{\alpha}
Information: d=\quad \mathrm{d} \quad= high ratio
x=\mathrm{x} \quad= constant
x=0,9\mathrm{x} \quad=0,9 (ONAN and ONAF) ′{ }^{\prime}
x=1,0\mathrm{x} \quad=1,0 (OFAF and OFWF) ′{ }^{\prime}
Δθbr=\Delta \theta_{b r} \quad= suhu
K=\mathrm{K} \quad= load factor (load supply/load rating)
b. Hot spot temperature rise
θc=θa+Δθon+Δθtd\theta_{c}=\theta_{a}+\Delta \theta_{o n}+\Delta \theta_{t d}
Information: θa=\quad \theta_{a} \quad= ambient temperature
Δθon=\Delta \theta_{o n} \quad= increase in top oil temperature
Δθtd=\Delta \theta_{t d} \quad= temperature difference between hot spots and top oil
Δθc=Δθbr[1+dR21+d]+(Δθcr−Δθbr)R2y\Delta \theta_{c}=\Delta \theta_{b r}\left[\frac{1+d R^{2}}{1+d}\right]+\left(\Delta \theta_{c r}-\Delta \theta_{b r}\right) R^{2 y}
Information:
Δθcr= hot spot temperature rise y= constant y=0,8( ONAN and ONAF )y=0,9( OFAF and OFWF )Δθbrr = increase in top oil temperature \begin{aligned} \Delta \theta_{\mathrm{cr}} & =\text { hot spot temperature rise } \\ \mathrm{y} & =\text { constant } \\ \mathrm{y} & =0,8(\text { ONAN and ONAF }) \\ \mathrm{y} & =0,9(\text { OFAF and OFWF }) \\ \Delta \theta_{\text {brr }} & =\text { increase in top oil temperature } \end{aligned}
c. Counting aging
∫t1t2Vdt=h3{Vo+Vn+4(Vedd )+2(Veven )}=h3{2Vn+4(Vedd )+2(Veven )}(5)\int_{t 1}^{t 2} V d t=\frac{h}{3}\left\{V_{o}+V_{n}+4\left(V_{\text {edd }}\right)+2\left(V_{\text {even }}\right)\right\}=\frac{h}{3}\left\{2 V_{n}+4\left(V_{\text {edd }}\right)+2\left(V_{\text {even }}\right)\right\}(5)
Characteristic curve V,V0=Vn\mathrm{V}, \mathrm{V}_{0}=\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{n}}
| Information: | h | =constant (1) |
|---|---|---|
| T | = time | |
| Vedd ,Veven V_{\text {edd }}, V_{\text {even }} | == relative thermal aging rate |
Results and Discussion
Calculations For Constant Load
Calculations are carried out to obtain the effect of various kinds of loading on the power transformer. Then the magnitude of the load is made constant which can be seen in the following table.
Table 3. Types of Loading
| No | Transformer Load |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 90 |
| 3 | 80 |
After calculating using the existing equations, it can be seen the value of the life loss on the power transformer and the remaining operating life based on each loading percentage can be seen in Table 4 below:
Table 4. Shrinkage and remaining life of transformers of various kinds
| No | Load | Loss of Age (p.u/day) | Age (Years) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 2.52 | 10 |
| 2 | 90 | 1.44 | 18 |
| 3 | 80 | 0.67 | 38 |
Effect of Ambient Temperature
Table 5. Effect of Ambient Temperature on Constant Load
| No | Suhu (∘C)\left({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right) | Life Loss (p.u/day) at Stable Load | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 80%80 \% | 90%90 \% | 100%100 \% | ||
| 1 | 20 | 0.26 | 0.57 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 21 | 0.30 | 0.64 | 1.12 |
| 3 | 22 | 0.33 | 0.72 | 1.26 |
| 4 | 23 | 0.37 | 0.81 | 1.41 |
| 5 | 24 | 0.42 | 0.91 | 1.59 |
| 6 | 25 | 0.47 | 1.02 | 1.78 |
| 7 | 26 | 0.53 | 1.15 | 2.00 |
| 8 | 27 | 0.59 | 1.29 | 2.25 |
| 9 | 28 | 0.66 | 1.45 | 2.52 |
| 10 | 29 | 0.74 | 1.62 | 2.83 |
| 11 | 30 | 0.84 | 1.82 | 3.18 |
| 12 | 31 | 0.94 | 2.04 | 3.56 |
| 13 | 32 | 1.05 | 2.29 | 4.00 |
The calculation results can be seen in table 5 above, the temperature change from the lowest to the highest is namely 20∘C20^{\circ} \mathrm{C} to 32∘C32^{\circ} \mathrm{C} makes the age loss at each load change. For loading of 80%80 \% the life shrinkage on the transformer is at 0.26 p.u/day to 1.05 p.u/day. And for loading of 90%90 \% the life shrinkage on the transformer is at 0.57 p.u/day to 2.29 p.u/day. While for loading of 100%100 \% the life shrinkage on the transformer is at 1.00 p.u/day to 4.00 p.u/day. From the results of the analysis, it can be explained that the difference in age loss for each load is the same because the transformer has a constant load. So based on the SPLN 50/1982 regulation regarding the life loss of the transformer in accordance with the calculation results obtained.
Figure 1. Effect of Ambient Temperature on Constant Load
Based on Figure 1.above, it is explained that the effect of ambient temperature greatly affects a constant load. It can be seen in Figure 4.1 that the greater the temperature given to the power transformer, the life loss obtained will be even greater by being given a high load, this can be proven at a high load, namely 100%100 \% of the resulting life loss is very large, which is 4pu/4 \mathrm{pu} / days given the high temperature of the transformer, which is 32∘C32^{\circ} \mathrm{C}.
Calculations for Power Transformer Loading
The magnitude of the rated power of the power transformer at PT. PJB UBJ O&M PLTMG ArunLhokseumawe, Nangroe Aceh Darussalam used is 32/6032 / 60 MVA (ONAN/ONAF). The power transformer load for block 3 on 20 November 2019 at 19:00 is 34.88 MW 5.76 MVAR, while the power transformer load for block 4 on 20 November 2019 at 19:00 is 34.30 MV 7, 78 MVARs.
Figure 2. Calculation of thermal aging block 3 at each hour (ONAN)
Figure 2.above is the calculation of thermal aging in block 3 every hour on the ONAN cooling system. from the picture it can be explained that at 19.00 hours has the highest life loss in every analysis and calculation carried out this is because the value of MW and MVAR in the power transformer in the ONAN cooling system is higher at 19.00 so that the resulting life loss is greater at 19.00 is 13.97 years.
Figure 3. Calculation of thermal aging block 4 at each hour (ONAN)
Figure 3.above is the calculation of thermal aging in block 4 each hour in the ONAN cooling system. From the picture above, it can be explained that at 19:00 hours it has the highest life loss, because the MW and MVAR values in the power transformer in the ONAN cooling system are higher at 19:00 so the resulting life loss is greater at 19 hours. :00 of 13.05 years.
Figure 4. Calculation of thermal aging block 3 at each hour (ONAF)
Figure 4.above is the calculation of thermal aging in block 3 at each hour in the ONAF cooling system. From the picture above, it can be explained that at 19:00, the age loss is the highest in every analysis and calculation carried out. This is because the value of MW and MVAR in the power transformer in the ONAF cooling system is higher at 19:00 so that the resulting life loss is greater at 19:00 by 0.033 years.
Figure 5. Calculation of thermal aging block 4 at each hour (ONAF)
Figure 5.above is the calculation of thermal aging in block 3 at each hour in the ONAF cooling system. From the figure, it can be explained that at 19:00, the age loss is the highest in every analysis and calculation carried out. This is because the value of MW and MVAR in the power transformer in the ONAF cooling system is higher at 19:00 so that the resulting life loss is greater at 19:00 by 0.032 years.
From the analysis, the age loss caused by ambient temperature was obtained for the ONAN type of cooler in block 3 of 0.71p.u/0.71 \mathrm{p} . \mathrm{u} / day and in block 4 of 0.70p.u/0.70 \mathrm{p} . \mathrm{u} / day. While the ONAF type of cooler in block 3 is 0.004p.u/0.004 \mathrm{p} . \mathrm{u} / day and in block 4 it is 0.005p.u/0.005 \mathrm{p} . \mathrm{u} / day.
Conclusions
The conclusions that the author can draw from the research that has been done based on the results of calculations and analyzes carried out are as follows:
- The effect of temperature on the calculation of the age loss is every increase in temperature starting from the lowest temperature of 20∘C20^{\circ} \mathrm{C} to the highest temperature of 32∘C32^{\circ} \mathrm{C} in Indonesia, at each load of 80%,90%80 \%, 90 \% and 100%100 \%, a very rapid increase in age loss is obtained, namely for a load of 80%80 \% from the lowest 0.26 to the highest 1.05 pu/\mathrm{pu} / day and for the load 90%90 \% from the lowest 0.57 to the highest 2.29pu/2.29 \mathrm{pu} / day and for the load 100%100 \% from the lowest 1.00 to the highest 4.00pu/4.00 \mathrm{pu} / day.
- From the calculation results at 80%,90%80 \%, 90 \% and 100%100 \% constant loading, the age loss value is obtained, respectively, namely 0.67p.u/0.67 \mathrm{p} . \mathrm{u} / day; 1.44p.u/1.44 \mathrm{p} . \mathrm{u} / day and 2.52p.u/2.52 \mathrm{p} . \mathrm{u} / day and for the remaining life of the power transformer, respectively, namely 38 years, 18 years and 10 years.
- The transformer life loss value is based on loading data on November 20, 2019, namely the ONAN type cooling network in block 3 of 0.71pu/0.71 \mathrm{pu} / day and in block 4 of 0.70pu/0.70 \mathrm{pu} / day while on the ONAF type cooling network in block 3 of 0.004pu/0.004 \mathrm{pu} / day and in block 4 of 0.005pu/0.005 \mathrm{pu} / day. This is in accordance with the regulation SPLN50/1982 regarding transformer life shrinkage.
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