Influence of Binder Float Length on the Out-of-Plane and Axial Impact Performance of 3D Woven Composites (original) (raw)
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Impact Resistance of 3D Woven Composites Impacted by Different Impactor Shapes
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2019
The aim of this study was to investigate impact resistance of 3D woven composites, impacted by three different impactor shapes. An experimental study was carried out to compare the impact resistance on four types of 3D woven fiberglass composites. Impact resistance test will be performed using standard method ASTM D2444, with a set up initial impact energy is 20 J, velocity of 3.4901 m/s, height of 0.6163m and mass applied is 3.29 kg. Three different impactor shapes which are hemispherical, conical and ogival were used for testing woven fabric composite impact test. Hand lay-up technique was used to fabricate the composites. From results, 4 float Layer-to-layer Interlock (4L) gave the highest impact resistance for all impactor shapes with 6258.0 N for hemispherical impactor, 4000.1 N for conical impactor and 3750.7 N for ogival impactor. Ogival impactor tends to penetrate the woven composite samples better compared to conical and hemispherical impactors.
Composites Science and Technology, 2012
Two noncrimp 3D woven carbon fibre composites (through thickness angle interlock) of binder volume fractions 3% and 6% were characterised for their response to applied deformation. Experiments were performed at quasi static, medium and high strain rates under a large variety of load cases (tension in warp/ weft direction, interlaminar/intralaminar shear, through thickness tension/compression, 3-point bending and plate bending). During the study, novel experimental methods were developed in order to address several challenges specific to 3D composite materials. The results show that, while the different binder volume fractions of 3% and 6% have only a small effect on the in-plane stiffness (warp and weft direction), its effect on the delamination resistance in plate bending experiments is considerable. This is a very important result for the use of these materials in the future. The availability, in previous publications, of complementary data for the matrix and the interface between matrix pockets and fibre bundles makes the comprehensive data set a generically useful reference for hierarchical numerical modelling strategies.
Damage Tolerance of 3D Woven Composites with Weft Binders
2014
3D woven composites, due to the presence of through-thickness fibre bridging, have the potential to improve damage tolerance and at the same time to reduce the manufacturing costs. However, the ability to withstand damage depends on weave architecture as well as the geometry of individual tows. A substantial amount of research has been performed to understand in-plane properties as well as the performance of 3D woven composites exposed to impact loads, but there is limited research on the damage tolerance and notch sensitivity of 3D weaves and no work is reported on the damage tolerance of 3D weaves with a weft binding pattern. In view of the recent interest in 3D woven composites, the influence of weft binder on the tensile, open hole tensile, impact resistance and subsequent residual compressive strength properties and failure mechanisms of 3D woven composites was investigated against equivalent UD cross-ply laminate. Four different 3D woven architectures; layer-to-layer, angle in...
Polymers & Polymer Composites, 2009
This paper presents a study into the infl uence of the Through-The-Thickness (T-T-T) binder yarn count on the fi bre volume fraction (V f), crimp and damage tolerance within 3D woven carbon fi bre composites. Three fabrics were woven with varying binder yarn counts; the fi rst had 1x12k binders, the second had 2x6k binders (two individual 6k tows laid on top of one another into the structure to form one tow) and the third had 1x6k binder tows. Dry fabric compress tests conducted on the three 3D woven fabrics showed that a power law can be successful utilised to predict V f and identify the required pressure to achieve a specifi c V f. All three fabrics achieved V f 's in the range of 45-47% however the 2x6k binder fabric had higher %CV's compared to the other fabrics. The degree of crimp within the three 3D woven fabrics was shown to be highest within the 1x12k binder fabric followed by the 1x6k binder fabric with the 2x6k binder fabric having the lowest percentage crimp. Compression after Impact (CAI) tests were conducted and showed that impact depth was signifi cantly infl uenced by impact location on the T-T-T binders with impact depth differences up to 97% observed. It was shown that impact location and depth played no major role in the CAI strength of the composite. CAI strength was observed to be highest within the 2x6 k binder composite followed by the 1x6k binder composite with the 1x12k composite having the lowest CAI values.
Influence of Textile Architecture on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Woven Carbon Composites
Influence of Textile Architecture on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Woven Carbon Composites, 2019
The application of 3D woven composites in advanced structural components is limited by a lack of understanding of the influence of weaving parameters on the final architecture and mechanical properties of composites. This paper investigates the effect of fundamental and easily adjustable weave parameters (pick density and float length) on the mechanical properties (tension, compression and flexure) in 3D woven warp interlock layer-to-layer carbon/epoxy composite structures. The purpose of this paper is to establish a link between the textile and composite performance within this 3D weave architecture. The 3D fabrics, manufactured using a Jacquard loom, are fabricated in three different pick densities: 4, 10 & 16 wefts/cm, with a constant end density of 12 warps/cm from T700S-50C-12k carbon fibre. The pick density with the best mechanical properties is then used for the float length change iteration. The aim is to keep end and pick densities constant in the two float length variation specimens. The mechanical properties of the specimens are affected by the fibre content, tow waviness, misalignment of the load carrying tows and the distribution/size of resin rich areas. This paper depicts a link between the pick density/float length, mechanical properties and failure mechanisms in 3D woven layer-to-layer carbon/epoxy composites.
Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 2014
In the current study, the low-velocity impact behaviour of composite materials obtained from carbon and carbon-aramid hybrid woven fabrics of different constructions, produced from the same yarn and under the same production conditions, was determined, and the effects of the weaving structure and hybridisation on the low velocity impact properties were investigated. Depending on the weaving structure, the best results were obtained for twill woven composites. The energy absorption capacity was increased by around 9 - 10% with hybridisation. It was observed that peak load values varied with a coefficient between 0.84-0.97 for hybrid composites, whereas the range was 0.49 - 0.87 for 100% carbon composites, depending on the bending stiffness.
Drop-weight impact damage of three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composites
Journal of Composite Materials, 2012
The drop-weight impact behavior of three-dimensional angle-interlock woven glass fiber/unsaturated polyester resin composites was investigated with a drop-weight impact tester (Instron Dynatup 9250 impact tester). A unit cell model based on the maximum stress failure criterion and critical damage area failure theory was established to define the material properties and stiffness degradation of the three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composites. A user-defined subroutine vectorized user-material was developed to connect with the commercial finite element analysis package ABAQUS/Explicit. The drop-weight impact damage and impact load-displacement curves were calculated and compared with those in the experimental. Good agreements between the experimental and finite element analysis results proved the validity of the unit cell model and the subroutine vectorized user-material. The unit cell model is expected to be extended for the study of the impact damage of three-dimensional angl...
Effect of Unit-Cell Size on the Barely Visible Impact Damage in Woven Composites
Applied Sciences
The effect of the weaving architecture and the z-binding yarns, for 2D and 3D woven composites on the low-velocity impact resistance of carbon fibre reinforced composites, is investigated and benchmarked against noncrimp fabric (NCF). Four architectures, namely: NCF, 2D plain weave (2D-PW), 3D orthogonal: plain (ORT-PW) and twill (ORT-TW), were subjected to 15 J impact using a 16 mm-diameter, 6.7 kg hemispherical impactor. Nondestructive techniques, including ultrasonic C-scanning, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) were used to map and quantify the size of the induced barely visible impact damage (BVID). The energy absorption of each architecture was correlated to the damage size: both in-plane and in-depth directions. The 3D architectures, regardless of their unit-cell size, demonstrated the highest impact resistance as opposed to 2D-PW and the NCF. X-ray CT segmentation showed the effect of the higher frequency of the z-binding yarns, in the ORT-PW...
Compression after multiple low velocity impacts of NCF, 2D and 3D woven composites
This paper investigates the effect of the fabric architecture and the z-binding yarns on the compression after multiple impacts behavior of composites. Four fiber architectures are investigated: non-crimp fabric (NCF), 2D plain weave (2D-PW), 3D orthogonal plain (ORT-PW) and twill (ORT-TW) weave. The specimens were subjected to single and multiple low-velocity impacts at different locations with the same energy level (15 J). Non-destructive techniques including ultrasonic C-scanning, X-ray CT and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) are employed to quantitatively analyze and capture the Barely Visible Impact Damage (BVID) induced in the specimens. Although the absorbed energy was approximately the same, damage was the least in 3D woven architectures. In the case of compression after impact, 3D woven composites demonstrated a progressive damage behavior with the highest residual strength (~92%) while 2D plain weave and NCF specimens showed suddenly catastrophic damage and the residual strength of ~65% and ~55% respectively.