Phonological encoding in the silent speech of persons who stutter (original) (raw)
Related papers
Phonological Encoding in Children who Stutter
Global Journal of Otolaryngology, 2018
Stuttering is defined as a temporal disruption of the successive and simultaneous programming of muscular movements required to produce a speech sound or its link to the next sound. Few of the models and theories posited that individuals who stutter were found to have deficits in phonological encoding. The main aim of the study was to check the difference in phonological encoding using phoneme monitoring in silent naming task and to compare between children with stuttering and children with no stuttering. Thirty Four children in the age range of 8 to 12 years who were diagnosed as having stuttering with a severity of mild and above degree of stuttering and thirty four age and gender matched children with no stuttering participated in the study. The experiment included Phoneme monitoring task. The present study was conducted in two phases: Stimulus Preparation and Task Design Programming; Administration of the tasks on Children who stutter (CWS) and Children who do not stutter (CNS) groups. The reaction time and accuracy of the participants' responses were measured automatically using DMDX software. In phoneme monitoring task, CWS was found to be slow in monitoring the presence and absence of the target phoneme and less accurate when compared to CNS. It can be concluded that overall CWS of the present study experience general monitoring deficits and in specific they experience deficits in phonologic encoding process. The present study adds on to the theoretical knowledge on nature of stuttering in children, especially supporting the psycholinguistic model of stuttering.
Journal of Fluency Disorders, 1990
The purpose of this study was to compare the phonological processes exhibited by children who stutter to those exhibited by their normally fluent peers, and to relate these phonological processes to typical measures of stuttering and other speaking variables. Subjects were 30 stuttering children (mean age = 4 yr, 4mo) and a like number of age-and sex-matched ( f 3 mo) normally fluent children (mean age = 4 yr, 6 mo). Results indicate that the stutterers exhibited a greater number and variety of phonological processes than their normally fluent peers. Furthermore, the young stutterers also exhibited more "atypical" processes than their normally fluent peers. Findings are taken to suggest that young stutterers who exhibit disordered phonology may represent a subgroup of stutterers. It is further suggested that the nature and course of remediation may be different for these children than for stutterers without disordered phonology.
Phonologic Processing in Adults Who Stutter: Electrophysiological and Behavioral Evidence
2000
Event-related brain potentials (ERPs), judgment accuracy, and reaction times (RTs) were obtained for 11 adults who stutter and 11 normally fluent speakers as they performed a rhyme judgment task of visually presented word pairs. Half of the word pairs (i.e., prime and target) were phonologically and orthographically congruent across words. That is, the words looked orthographically similar and rhymed (e.g., thrown, own) or did not look similar and did not rhyme (e.g., cake, own). The phonologic and orthographic information across the remaining pairs was incongruent. That is, the words looked similar but did not rhyme (e.g., gown, own) or did not look similar but rhymed (e.g., cone, own). Adults who stutter and those who are normally fluent exhibited similar phonologic processing as indexed by ERPs, response accuracy, and RTs. However, longer RTs for adults who stutter indicated their greater sensitivity to the increased cognitive loads imposed by phonologic/orthographic incongruency. Also, unlike the normally fluent speakers, the adults who stutter exhibited a right hemisphere asymmetry in the rhyme judgment task, as indexed by the peak amplitude of the rhyming effect (difference wave) component. Overall, these findings do not support theories of the etiology of stuttering that posit a core phonologic-processing deficit. Rather we provide evidence that adults who stutter are more vulnerable to increased cognitive loads and display greater right hemisphere involvement in late cognitive processes.
Delayed Phonological Encoding in Stuttering: Evidence from Eye Tracking
Language and speech, 2018
Stuttering is a multifactorial disorder that is characterized by disruptions in the forward flow of speech believed to be caused by differences in the motor and linguistic systems. Several psycholinguistic theories of stuttering suggest that delayed or disrupted phonological encoding contributes to stuttered speech. However, phonological encoding remains difficult to measure without controlling for the involvement of the speech-motor system. Eye-tracking is proposed to be a reliable approach for measuring phonological encoding duration while controlling for the influence of speech production. Eighteen adults who stutter and 18 adults who do not stutter read nonwords under silent and overt conditions. Eye-tracking was used to measure dwell time, number of fixations, and response time. Adults who stutter demonstrated significantly more fixations and longer dwell times during overt reading than adults who do not stutter. In the silent condition, the adults who stutter produced more fix...
Speeded verbal responding in adults who stutter: Are there deficits in linguistic encoding?
Journal of Fluency Disorders, 2008
Linguistic encoding deficits in people who stutter (PWS, n = 18) were investigated using auditory priming during picture naming and word vs. non-word comparisons during choice and simple verbal reaction time (RT) tasks. During picture naming, PWS did not differ significantly from normally fluent speakers (n = 18) in the magnitude of inhibition of RT from semantically related primes and the magnitude of facilitation from phonologically related primes. PWS also did not differ from controls in the degree to which words were faster than non-words during choice RT, although PWS were slower overall than controls. Simple RT showed no difference between groups, or between words and non-words, suggesting differences in speech initiation time do not explain the choice RT results. The findings are consistent with PWS not being deficient in the time course of lexical activation and selection, phonological encoding, and phonetic encoding. Potential deficits underlying slow choice RTs outside of linguistic encoding are discussed.
2019
Introduction: Stuttering is a speech disorder examined in many studies on motor speech deficiency in people with stuttering. In the area of language, some studies have also shown that people with stuttering are different from people without stuttering in terms of phonological, lexical, and syntactic processing .In this area, studies on the evaluation of phonological processing in Iranian people with stuttering are a few. One of the tasks for evaluating phonological processing is anon-word repetition task. This study aimed to examine the ability of adults who stutter to repeat words/non-words compared with those with fluent speech. Materials and Methods: This research is across-sectional descriptive-correlational study. The participants included 20 adults with stuttering (18-30 years old) selected by the convenience sampling method from those referred to speech therapy centers and hospitals in Tehran Province. Besides, 30 age-matched peers participated in this study as the control. The phonological processing of participants was examined in terms of reaction time and word/non-word repetition accuracy. To detect stuttering, we asked the subjects to read a text in Persian, and its severity was detected by stuttering severity instrument-3. For measuring reaction time, DMDX software was used, and data were analyzed in SPSS V. 21. Results: Mann-Whitney test results showed a significant difference between adults with and without stuttering in terms of repetition accuracy (P<0.05), but no significant difference was found between them in terms of reaction time (P>0.05). Conclusion: Phonological processing in adults who stutter is different compared with those with speech fluency, but this difference is non-significant. Results indicated slow phonological processing in an adult with stuttering. This can raise the awareness of therapists during the evaluation and treatment of stutterers in terms of phonological processing and phonological working memory.
Acoustic analysis of young stutterers' fluency: Preliminary observations
Journal of Fluency Disorders, 1985
The purpose of this study was to provide a preliminary description and comparison of the temporal parameters of speech production of young stutterers and normally fluent peers as represented within the acoustic waveform (for example. frication and aspiration durations) for word-initial /p/ and /hi. Subjects were 1 I young stutterers (mean age = 4 yr, 5 mo) and a like number of sex-and age-matched (plus or minus 4 mo) normally fluent youngsters (mean age = 4 yr. 8 mo). Measured acoustic variables consisted of vowel-consonant transition duration tmsec) and rate (Hzimsec). stop-gap, frication. and aspiration durations, voice onset time (VOT). consonant-vowel transition duration and rate. and vowel duration. Results indicated no significant differences between young stutterers and their normally fluent peers for any of the temporal measures for either lb/ or /pi, although differences in frication duration approached but did not reach significance. Correlational analyses did indicate differences between the two talker groups in that the normally fluent youngsters exhibited an
Acoustic and perceptual correlates of adult stutterers' typical and imitated stutterings
Journal of Fluency Disorders, 1988
The purpose of the present study was to assess differences between selected acoustic correlates of adult stutterers' self-judged "unconlrolled" (typical) and "controlled" (imitated) stutterings. Subjects were nine adult stutterers (two female and seven male) with a mean age of 36 years and 2 months (range: 19-51 years) and a mean stuttering frequency of 19.26 stutterings (range: 5.4-32.0) per 100 words of conversation. Six temporal acoustic measures (phrase, stuttered word, stuttered segment, stop-gap, frication, and aspiration duration) were made for each subject's typical stutterings and a corresponding imitated version. No significant differences were found between stutterers' self-perceived typical versus imitated productions for any of the six temporal acoustic measures for all stutterings and for the two major types of stutterings in the sample (sound/syllable repetitions and sound prolongations). Further descriptive analysis indicated that stutterers were generally more certain of their perceptual judgments of controlled stutterings than they were of their uncontrolled stutterings. Although findings suggest that there are no apparent objective correlates of adult stutterers' self-perceived (controlled and uncontrolled stutterings), further study of these perceptions appears warranted.