Insufficient autumn vitamin D intake and low vitamin D status in 7-year-old Icelandic children (original) (raw)
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British Journal of Nutrition, 2014
The impact of the familial relationship on vitamin D status has not been investigated previously. The objective of the present cross-sectional study was to assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and its determinants in children and adults among families in late summer in Denmark (568N). Data obtained from 755 apparently healthy children (4 -17 years) and adults (18 -60 years) recruited as families (n 200) in the VitmaD study were analysed. Blood samples were collected in September -October, and serum 25(OH)D concentration was measured by liquid chromatography -tandem MS. Information on potential determinants was obtained using questionnaires. The geometric mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 72·1 (interquartile range 61·5 -86·7) nmol/l (range 9 -162 nmol/l), with 9 % of the subjects having 25(OH)D concentrations ,50 nmol/l. The intra-family correlation was 0·27 in all subjects, 0·24 in the adults and 0·42 in the children. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was negatively associated with BMI (P,0·001) and positively associated with dietary vitamin D intake (P¼0·008), multivitamin use (P¼ 0·019), solarium use (P¼ 0·006), outdoor stay (P¼ 0·001), sun preference (P¼0·002) and sun vacation (P,0·001), but was not associated with lifestyle-related factors in the adults when these were assessed together with the other determinants. In conclusion, the majority of children and adults among the families had serum 25(OH)D concentrations .50 nmol/l in late summer in Denmark. Both dietary and sun-related factors were determinants of vitamin D status and the familial component was stronger for the children than for the adults. Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; DEQAS, Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme; IQR, interquartile range; LC -MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem MS; NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology; PTH, parathyroid hormone.
Vitamin D Intake and Status in 6-Year-Old Icelandic Children Followed up from Infancy
Nutrients, 2016
High serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels have been observed in infants in Nordic countries, likely due to vitamin D supplement use. Internationally, little is known about tracking vitamin D status from infancy to childhood. Following up 1-year-old infants in our national longitudinal cohort, our aims were to study vitamin D intake and status in healthy 6-year-old Icelandic children (n = 139) and to track vitamin D status from one year of age. At six years, the mean 25(OH)D level was 56.5 nmol/L (SD 17.9) and 64% of children were vitamin D sufficient (25(OH)D ě 50 nmol/L). A logistic regression model adjusted for gender and breastfeeding showed that higher total vitamin D intake (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08-1.49), blood samples collected in summer (OR = 8.88, 95% CI = 1.83-43.23) or autumn (OR = 5.64, 95% CI = 1.16-27.32) compared to winter/spring, and 25(OH)D at age one (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.002-1.04) were independently associated with vitamin D sufficiency at age six. The correlation between 25(OH)D at age one and six was 0.34 (p = 0.003). Our findings suggest that vitamin D status in infancy, current vitamin D intake and season are predictors of vitamin D status in early school age children. Our finding of vitamin D status tracking from infancy to childhood provides motivation for further studies on tracking and its clinical significance.
Vitamin D Status and Seasonal Variation among Danish Children and Adults: A Descriptive Study
Nutrients
The aim of the present study was to describe vitamin D status and seasonal variation in the general Danish population. In this study, 3092 persons aged 2 to 69 years (2565 adults, 527 children) had blood drawn twice (spring and autumn) between 2012 and 2014. A sub-sample of participants had blood samples taken monthly over a year. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and information on supplement use was assessed from questionnaires. Seasonal variations in 25(OH)D concentrations were evaluated graphically and descriptively, and status according to age, sex, and supplement use was described. It was found that 86% of both adults and children were vitamin D-sufficient in either spring and or/autumn; however, many had a spring concentration below 50 nmol/L. A wide range of 25(OH)D concentrations were found in spring and autumn, with very low and very high values in both seasons. Among adults, women in general had hi...
British Journal of Nutrition, 2015
Sufficient summer/autumn vitamin D status appears important to mitigate winter nadirs at northern latitudes. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate autumn vitamin D status and its determinants in 782 Danish 8–11-year-old children (55°N) using baseline data from the Optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet (OPUS) School Meal Study, a large randomised controlled trial. Blood samples and demographic and behavioural data, including 7-d dietary recordings, objectively measured physical activity, and time spent outdoors during school hours, were collected during September–November. Mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was 60·8 (sd 18·7) nmol/l. Serum 25(OH)D levels ≤50 nmol/l were found in 28·4 % of the children and 2·4 % had concentrations <25 nmol/l. Upon multivariate adjustment, increasing age (per year) (β −2·9; 95 % CI −5·1, −0·7 nmol/l), female sex (β −3·3; 95 % CI −5·9, −0·7 nmol/l), sampling in October (β −5·...
Vitamin D status in Norwegian children and adolescents with excess body weight
Pediatric Diabetes, 2010
Objectives: The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has increased during the past decades. A high body mass index (BMI) is associated with a low vitamin D status. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in Norwegian children and adolescents with excess body weight. Methods: Vitamin D status and seasonal variations of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH) 2 D were analyzed in 102 children and adolescents (70 girls and 32 boys), 8-19 yr of age, with overweight and obesity. Results: Overall, 50% of the children and adolescents included in the study had a low vitamin D status (25(OH)D <75 nmol/L) and 19% had vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D <50 nmol/L). This was most prevalent in adolescents. Only 42% of teenagers had 25(OH)D levels ≥75 nmol/L vs. 72% of preteens. Both 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH) 2 D showed seasonal variations. A peak in serum 25(OH)D concentrations was observed during the summer while the lowest values were seen during the spring. In contrast, serum 1,25(OH) 2 D had a peak during the spring and the lowest concentrations during the winter. Conclusions: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is higher in obese and overweight adolescents than in overweight children. This might be related to low outdoor activities and low vitamin D intake in teenagers. Seasonal variations of both the vitamin D metabolites were observed.
The Status of Vitamin D Among Children Aged 0 to 18 Years
The Journal of Pediatric Research, 2021
This study aimed to examine the status of vitamin D in children, to compare vitamin D levels according to the seasons, and to estimate vitamin D testing trends during the years of the study. Materials and Methods: Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels of 51,560 children aged between 0-18 years who had been admitted to nine hospitals between 2015 and 2017 were evaluated. Comparisons of 25(OH)D levels with age groups, gender, and seasons were made. Additionally, vitamin D testing was compared year by year in terms of frequency. Results: Of the patients, 20% (n=10,611) had vitamin D deficiency and 34% (n=17,385) had vitamin D insufficiency. Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly higher in boys than in girls (p<0.01). There was a significant difference between serum 25(OH)D levels and the age groups. The highest mean 25(OH)D levels were detected in infants (33.95 ng/mL) and the lowest in adolescents (18.3 ng/mL). Significant seasonal variability of 25(OH)D levels was detected (p<0.01). Vitamin D deficiency was determined most frequently in winter with a frequency of 30.7%. A threefold increase in 25(OH)D testing was determined over the 3-year period. Conclusion: Female gender, adolescence, and the winter season were found to be important risk factors for vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. Further evidence is needed to clarify whom to test in order to avoid over-testing.
Vitamin D deficiency and lifestyle risk factors in a Norwegian adolescent population
Scandinavian journal of public health, 2014
The aim was to study vitamin D status in a healthy adolescent Norwegian population at 69°N. The data presented come from The Tromsø Study: Fit Futures, during the school year 2010/2011 (not including the summer months), where 1,038 (92% of those invited) participated. Physical examinations, questionnaires and blood samples were collected, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS are presented from 475 boys and 415 girls (15-18 years old) with available blood samples. A total of 60.2% had vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency (serum 25(OH)D <50 nmol/l), 16.5% were deficient (<25 nmol/l) and 1.6% had severe vitamin D deficiency (<12.5 nmol/l). Only 12.4% had levels >75 nmol/l. A significant gender difference with a mean (SD) serum 25(OH)D level of 40.5 (20.5) nmol/l in boys and 54.2 (23.2) nmol/l in girls (p <0.01) was present. Furthermore, 51.3% of girls had levels >50 nmol/l in comparison to 29.7% of boys (p <0.01). There was...
Seasonal Vitamin D Status of Healthy Schoolchildren and Predictors of Low Vitamin D Status
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2014
Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess seasonal prevalence of vitamin D deficiency according to sex and to determine the relations between serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and parathyroid hormone (PTH) and sociodemographic characteristics in otherwise healthy schoolchildren during spring and autumn. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 746 healthy students aged between 11 and 18 years were recruited during spring (n ¼ 375) and autumn (n ¼ 371). Sociodemographic data were collected by a questionnaire. Serum 25(OH)D, PTH, calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase were measured. Serum 25(OH)D levels were categorized as <50 nmol/L (vitamin D deficiency) and <25 nmol/L (severe deficiency). Results: Mean AE standard deviation 25(OH)D levels were 22.3 AE 10.5 nmol/ L in girls and 28.5 AE 17.0 nmol/L in boys during spring (P < 0.001) and 36.5 AE 20.3 nmol/L in girls and 45.0 AE 18.5 nmol/L in boys during autumn (P < 0.001). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 93% during spring and 71% during autumn. There was a negative correlation between 25(OH)D and PTH levels (P < 0.01). We determined a cutoff point of serum 25(OH)D in which the mean serum PTH concentration began to increase as 35.8 nmol/ L (P < 0.0001). The age, sex, and calcium level were found to be independent predictors for vitamin D deficiency. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among healthy schoolchildren. It is noteworthy that 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in girls and during autumn. We recommend vitamin D supplementation for children in addition to more time spent for outdoor activities for sensible sunlight exposure.
Vitamin D Status and Its Determinants in a Paediatric Population in Norway
Nutrients
Recommendations for sufficient vitamin D intake in children were recently revised in Norway. However, optimal levels of vitamin D are still debated and knowledge on supplementation and vitamin D levels in healthy children in Norway is scarce. Therefore, we measured the plasma-concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in children and adolescents attending the outpatient paediatric clinics in Innlandet Hospital Trust, Norway during two consecutive years (2015–2017). We recruited 301 children and adolescents aged 5 months to 18 years (mean 7.8, SD 4.4 years) for the study and obtained sample material for 25(OH)D measurements from 295 (98%). Information on diet, vitamin D supplementation, sun exposure, ethnicity, parental education and general health was collected by questionnaire. 25(OH)D levels were analysed and determinants for 25(OH)D were estimated by linear regression. 1.0% of the children had deficient levels (25(OH)D < 25 nmol/L) and 21.0% had insufficient levels (25–50 ...
Factors Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency in European Adolescents: The HELENA Study
Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 2013
Adolescence is a critical life-stage period characterised by rapid growth and development. Low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations have been negatively associated with obesity and healthy lifestyle habits (1, 2). We have previously reported high prevalence (up to 80%) of hypovitaminosis D (,75 nmol/L) in European adolescents participating in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study (3). The complexity of vitamin D metabolism poses difficulties in the identification and determination of factors related to vitamin D insufficiency. Its status is largely determined by environmen-