Coal Kuznets Curve in Turkey (original) (raw)
Related papers
The Relationship between Coal Consumption, Income Level and CO2 Emissions in Turkey
Research Journal of Politics, Economics and Management, 2018
As an energy source, coal has had an important place throughout the history of the development of societies. On the other hand, the environmental problems that arise from the fact that the coal is a fossil fuel have made coal-based energy politics controversial. This study examines the relationship between coal consumption, income level and CO 2 emissions in Turkey for the period of 1965-2016. The findings of the time series analysis support the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and conservation hypothesis in the long term in Turkey for the mentioned period.
The role of coal in energy production—Consumption and sustainable development of Turkey
Energy Policy, 2007
Energy is one of the indispensable factors regarding the assurance of social prosperity and economic development of a country. The developing countries struggle to obtain energy sources reliable in the long term to complete their economic development, and the developed countries struggle to get them to keep their present prosperity levels. Coal seems to continue its indispensable position among the other energy sources for many years because of its production in more than 50 countries, the least effect it has from the price fluctuation and its usage lifespan of more than 200 years. The countries that are aware of it have investments in mining fields in the countries rich in coal reserves, and they continue investing considerable amount of money. In the projections of Turkey in 2020, the primary energy consumption is estimated to be 298 Mtoe, the production is estimated to be 70 Mtoe, the ratio of production to consumption will reduce to the level of 23.5%, and this situation will cause serious risks for sustainable development. In other words, Turkey will have to import 76.5% of the energy that it consumes in the 2020s. However, Turkey can reduce the rate of the external dependency to the level of 50% by using the hard coal reserve of 1.3 billion tons, the lignite reserve of 8.058 billion tons and renewable source of great potential.
Coal consumption and economic growth in Turkey
This aim of this paper is to use asymmetric causality tests to examine the coal consumption and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) relationship in Turkey based on data from 1980 to 2006. To investigate this relationship, a multivariate system is employed by including fixed capital formation and labor force variables into the model. The empirical results obtained from asymmetric causality tests show no causality for coal consumption and GDP relationship in Turkey. The results indicate that coal consumption does not affect growth; hence, energy conservation policies may be pursued without adversely affecting growth in Turkey. Thus, neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for Turkey. This means that a decrease in coal consumption does not affect economic growth and vice versa. In this case, policymakers should explore the feasibility of either decreasing the coal consumption or increasing the efficiency of coal consumption.
Coal Report: Turkey’s Coal Policies Related to Climate Change, Economy and Health
Coal Report. Istanbul Policy Center, 2015
The current status of coal as an energy and greenhouse gas source in Turkey as well as the association between the trend of increasing the share of coal in future electricity generation and economy policies are addressed in this report. The first part of the report indicates that coal is primarily responsible for the release of greenhouse gases that cause climate change and addresses the current status of energy infrastructure, share of coal, and plans towards increasing the share of coal in the future in Turkey. The second part discusses the involvement and weight of coal in the Turkish economy and the structural transformation and current tendencies of an economy fixated on coal in its energy policies. The third part of the report addresses coal investments and government support and incentives provided to coal in Turkey and reveals the problems resulting from such situations in terms of Turkey’s climate policies. In part four, Turkish policies regarding increasing the share of coal are assessed in light of international developments. Future obstacles resulting from the transition of the European Union to a low carbon economic model and the decarbonization trends in other countries are among the main topics discussed in this section. Part five discusses the environment and the health impacts of coal, as well as the public health problems arising from coal-fired power plants. The sixth and final part of the report examines whether the “clean coal” argument suggested frequently in the field of climate policy is technically possible or not. The technical, economic, and legal challenges with regard to the application of carbon capture and the storage technologies stipulated to mitigate emissions from coal are addressed here.
The assessment of coal's contribution to sustainable energy development in Turkey
Energy, Exploration & Exploitation, 2010
Turkey's energy consumption has grown and will continue to grow along with its economy. Energy demand of the country is growing by 8% annually, one of the highest rates in the world. Turkey has very limited oil, natural gas and hard coal reserves. Turkey is currently heavily dependent on imports to meet its energy demand because of limited domestic energy resources. Lignite is the country's most important domestic energy source. Turkey has approximately 10400 million tons of lignite and 1300 million tons of hard coal reserves. This paper analyzed the structure of coal consumption over the past three decades in Turkey using the information of relevant researches and the published statistical data, and also analyzed the changing trends in the energy consumption structure, to provide some reference for the development of energy in Turkey. This work has attracted considerable interest because the subject of coal energy and its effect in the daily lives of people maintains a keen interest. The paper examines entirely new areas of coal energy research, summarizes recent trends, and discusses the most important current methods used to produce coal fuels.
Analysis of Coal Consumption and Growth Nexus by Environmental Kuznets Curve
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2021
In this study, New Zealand and Finland are examined by Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for the relationship between coal consumption and economic growth. For coal consumption and economic growth relationship, coal Kuznets curve is investigated for New Zealand for the period between 1980 and 2015 and is examined for Finland for the period between 1980 and 2013. Results of this study show that coal Kuznets curve is confirmed for New Zealand and Finland. Hao et al. (2016) confirmed coal Kuznets curve as this study confirmed in New Zealand and Finland. This study contributes to the current literature by verifying coal Kuznets curve for New Zealand and Finland. Coal Kuznets curve is also not investigated for these countries before. This study recommends further investigation of coal consumption-growth nexus carries importance since the only study in the literature for coal consumption-growth nexus belongs to this study for New Zealand and Finland.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION, CO2 EMISSIONS, AND GDP IN TURKEY
PERSPECTIVES ON MODERN ECONOMY, 2020
The major cause of the over-concentration of greenhouse gasses is the mass consumption of fossil fuels. During the post-World War II period, the overall GDP per capita in the world started to increase significantly . The economic boom after the 1950s stimulated the energy demand, most of which has been met by coal, oil, and natural gas. Since energy consumption is the driver of economic growth and at the same time an important cause of pollution, finding better ways of growing economies without damaging the environment is an important research topic. This study aims at explaining the possibility of reducing CO2 emissions without sacrificing the economic development of Turkey.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021
This current study seeks to investigate the policy implication of Turkey's recent energy policies on its sustainable development. This study uses Turkey's country-specific data and series of 1974 to 2018 for effective investigation and justification of the findings of this study with emphasis on both short-run and long-run implications. Three models were fitted to achieve study objectives to accommodate both environmental sustainability and economic impacts. Ecological footprint was considered better measure and used as proxy for the environment related model. In summary, with environment models, the selected series (per capita GDP, industrialization, agriculture, coal as a single energy use, and mixed energy use) except per capita GDP 2 were found positively and significantly related to ecological footprint in both short run and long run which translates to poor performance of Turkey's environment. Also, using economic growth model, the selected series (industrialization, energy use, and agriculture) were all confirmed positively and significantly related to the economic growth (per capita GDP). Additionally, environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) was established for Turkey's environment and economic performance. Furthermore, using Granger causality as robust check to these findings, a nexus was found among the series confirming the validity of the cointegration (short-and long-run policies) estimations and results. In congruence with literature and hypotheses, the results from cointegration estimation shows that the twin polices may be good to the economic performance but will spark off adverse effect on environment.
Coal in Turkey: Income and Prıce Elastıcıty of Coal Demand In Electrıcıty Generatıon
International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 2018
The aim of this study was to determine income and price elasticity of demand of coal used in electricity generation in Turkey. Coal demand for electricity generation was analyzed for short- and long-term effects using the ARDL bounds test. Both short- and long-term increases in coal prices reduced coal demand, while increases in per capita income increased coal demand. However, in the long-term, the effect of average temperature on coal demand was insignificant. The price elasticity of coal demand is estimated at less than 1 in both the short- (in a lagged period) and long-term. On the contrary, the income elasticity of coal demand is found larger than 1 in both the short- and long-term. In addition, firms that supply steam coal can increase their income through price increases. Therefore, it can be said that the increase in the price of coal used in electricity generation has no effect on reducing the demand for coal in this field.