Gold nanoparticles for preparation of antibodies and vaccines against infectious diseases (original) (raw)
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Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine: Recent Advances in Vaccines
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Nowadays, gold is used in (nano-)medicine, usually in the form of nanoparticles, due to the solid proofs given of its therapeutic effects on several diseases. Gold also plays an important role in the vaccine field as an adjuvant and a carrier, reducing toxicity, enhancing immunogenic activity, and providing stability in storage. An even brighter golden future is expected for gold applications in this area.
Immunological properties of gold nanoparticles
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This review summarizes what is known about the application of gold nanoparticles as an antigen carrier and adjuvant in immunization for the preparation of antibodies in vivo and evaluating their potential for the development of effective vaccines.
Adjuvant properties of gold nanoparticles
2010
This review summarizes known data and the results of our own investigations into the application of gold nanoparticles as an antigen (AG) carrier and as an adjuvant in immunization in the in vivo preparation of antibodies (ABs). We have developed a technology for the production of ABs against various AGs by using colloidal gold as a carrier and as an adjuvant. The repeated injection of colloidal gold (CG)-AG conjugates (with or without the use of Freund's complete adjuvant) into animals yielded specific high titer ABs for a variety of AGs with no concomitant ABs. Gold nanoparticles used as an AG carrier activated the phagocytic activity of macrophages and influenced the functioning of lymphocytes, which apparently may be responsible for their immunomodulating effect. Thus, gold nanoparticles can facilitate the synthesis of ABs in rabbits, rats, and mice, in particular, by reducing the amount of required AG when compared to immunization using Freund's complete adjuvant.
Immunostimulatory Effect of Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated with Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2011
Animals were immunized with transmissible gastroenteritis virus conjugated with gold nanoparticles. The resultant antibodies had a higher titer than antibodies produced in response to native virus. Immunization with the antigen-colloidal gold complex led to a signifi cant increase of the peritoneal macrophages respiratory activity and of plasma IFN-γ level in immunized animals.
Various methods of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) conjugation to antibodies
The unique properties of gold nanoparticles, their rich surface chemistry, and low toxicity as well as easy methods of synthesis have promoted conjugation of the particles with numerous biomolecules for site-specific delivery. Gold nanoparticles have multiple applications including photoablation, diagnostic imaging, radiosensitization, vaccine development, antioxidant, and multifunctional drug-delivery vehicles. These applications require an increasingly complex level of surface decoration in order to achieve efficacy, and limit off-target toxicity. This review will discuss the chemical and physical approaches commonly utilized in relation to surface decoration and the powerful system used to indicate success of the conjugation. Finally, we review the range of recent studies about covalent and noncovalent modes for conjugation of antibodies to the particle surface that aim to advance gold nanoparticle treatments and diagnostics toward the clinic.
Frontiers in Immunology, 2017
Subunit vaccines are safer but less immunogenic than live-attenuated vaccines or whole cell inactivated vaccines. Adjuvants are used to enhance and modulate antigen (Ag) immunogenicity, aiming to induce a protective and long-lasting immune response. Several molecules and formulations have been studied for their adjuvanticity, but only seven have been approved to formulate human vaccines. Metallic nanoparticles (MeNPs), particularly those containing gold and iron oxides, are widely used in medicine for diagnosis and therapy and have been used as carriers for drugs and vaccines. However, little is known about the immune response elicited by MeNPs or about their importance in the development of new vaccines. There is evidence that these particles display adjuvant characteristics, promoting cell recruitment, antigen-presenting cell activation, cytokine production, and inducing a humoral immune response. This review focuses on the characteristics of MeNPs that could facilitate the induction of a cellular immune response, particularly T-helper 1 and T-helper 17, and their potential functions as adjuvants for subunit vaccines.
Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2020
Gold nanoparticle conjugates with Vibrio cholerae antigens were synthesized. The animals were immunized with the obtained conjugates. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to the antigens were obtained, which showed high specific activity. On the model of white laboratory mice, the protective activity of conjugates of cholera antigens with nanoparticles during infection of vaccinated animals was evaluated using a commercial vaccine as a control. It was shown that in terms of immunogenicity, the created prototypes of cholera vaccine using gold nanoparticles as a carrier and adjuvant complied with the production regulations for the Russian national cholera chemical vaccine.
Journal of Biomedical Photonics & Engineering, 2016
There was performed the study of immunogenic properties of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus antigen conjugated to gold nanoparticles. In comparative immunobiological studies there was found that immunization of guinea pigs driven by the colloidal gold conjugated to transmissible gastroenteritis virus antigen of swine, leads to activation of the respiratory activity of lymphoid cells and peritoneal macrophages, which is directly related to increased activity of antibodyproducing cells and activation of antibody generating. The obtained data suggest that the colloid particles promote antigen presentation to the reticuloendothelial system organs. In addition, there was established that these carriers stimulate production of proinflammatory cytokines, which leads to a complete and consistent immune response of both cellular and humoral components of immune system.