Racial Disparities in Diabetes Mortality in the 50 Most Populous US Cities (original) (raw)
Related papers
2024
The research explores why diabetes is more common among certain groups, looking closely at the connections between income, race, neighborhood conditions, and the risk of diabetes in underrepresented racial/ethnic communities. Diabetes, a condition where blood sugar levels stay high, especially type 2 diabetes, has become a major issue affecting millions worldwide. Importantly, some racial groups, like non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanic/Latino adults, face higher diabetes rates. This is due to a mix of factors, including lifestyle choices, money situations, genetics, and the places people live. Previous studies suggest that limited resources in neighborhoods, bad housing conditions, and unequal community amenities contribute to high diabetes rates. The study aims to answer key questions about how income, race, and neighborhood conditions relate to diabetes risk. The review of existing studies emphasizes the intricate links between race, environment, and money situations that impact diabetes rates. The proposed model suggests that lower income and speci c racial groups, like Black and Hispanic communities, are more likely to have diabetes. It also points to a connection between race, income, and neighborhood conditions in uencing diabetes risk. The study uses data from the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, using statistical models to explore relationships between race, income, home ownership, and diabetes. Results show clear connections, con rming that lower income levels and certain racial groups are more prone to diabetes. Additionally, home ownership, representing neighborhood conditions, reveals speci c patterns, with renters showing a higher association with diabetes. These ndings offer important insights into the complex dynamics of diabetes risk, stressing the need for targeted interventions that consider income, race, and neighborhood contexts.
International Journal of Health Geographics, 2024
Background Early diagnosis, control of blood glucose levels and cardiovascular risk factors, and regular screening are essential to prevent or delay complications of diabetes. However, most adults with diabetes do not meet recommended targets, and some populations have disproportionately high rates of potentially preventable diabetes-related hospitalizations. Understanding the factors that contribute to geographic disparities can guide resource allocation and help ensure that future interventions are designed to meet the specific needs of these communities. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to identify determinants of diabetes-related hospitalization rates at the ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA) level in Florida, and (2) assess if the strengths of these relationships vary by geographic location and at different spatial scales. Methods Diabetes-related hospitalization (DRH) rates were computed at the ZCTA level using data from 2016 to 2019. A global ordinary least squares regression model was fit to identify socioeconomic, demographic, healthcarerelated, and built environment characteristics associated with log-transformed DRH rates. A multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model was then fit to investigate and describe spatial heterogeneity of regression coefficients. Results Populations of ZCTAs with high rates of diabetes-related hospitalizations tended to have higher proportions of older adults (p < 0.0001) and non-Hispanic Black residents (p = 0.003). In addition, DRH rates were associated with higher levels of unemployment (p = 0.001), uninsurance (p < 0.0001), and lack of access to a vehicle (p = 0.002). Population density and median household income had significant (p < 0.0001) negative associations with DRH rates. Non-stationary variables exhibited spatial heterogeneity at local (percent non-Hispanic Black, educational attainment), regional (age composition, unemployment, health insurance coverage), and statewide scales (population density, income, vehicle access).
Health Disparities and Their Impact on Community Health
Sustainable Community Health, 2020
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The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Health Disparities
arXiv (Cornell University), 2022
and shared first authorship Note that the quality of this paper is limited by the lack of a complete high school education of all authors. High-quality healthcare in the US can be cost-prohibitive for certain socioeconomic groups. In this paper, we examined data from the US Census and the CDC to determine the degree to which specific socioeconomic factors correlate with both specific and general health metrics. We employed visual analysis to find broad trends and predictive modeling to identify more complex relationships between variables. Our results indicate that certain socioeconomic factors, like income and educational attainment, are highly correlated with aggregate measures of health.
Journal of the National Medical Association, 2013
The role of socioeconomic status (SES) in explaining racial/ ethnic disparities in diabetes remains unclear. We investigated disparities in self-reported diabetes complications and the role of macro (eg, income, education) and micro (eg, owning a home or having a checking account) SES indicators in explaining these differences. The sample included individuals with a diagnosis of diabetes (N=795) who were aged, on average, 55 years, and 55.6% non-Hispanic white, 25.0% African American, and 19.4% Hispanic. Approximately 8% reported nephropathy, 35% reported retinopathy, and 16% reported cardiovascular disease. There were significant disparities in the rates of complications among non-Hispanic white, African American, and Hispanic participants, with Hispanic participants having the highest rates of nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease. Macro SES indicators (eg, income) mediated racial differences (ie, non-Hispanic whites vs African Americans) in self-reported retinopath...
Understanding health disparities
Journal of Perinatology, 2018
Research suggests that health disparities in the United States are often associated with an individual's race and ethnicity, gender, income level, sexual orientation, or geographic location. Of these factors, the literature primarily focuses on racial and ethnic differences. It is well documented that minority populationsgenerally classified as African Americans, Native Americans, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics-have more chronic diseases, higher mortality, and poorer health outcomes than individuals classified as white. a Nationally, the commitment to understanding and eliminating racial and ethnic health disparities is strong. The Healthy People 2010 initiative, a set of health promotion and disease prevention objectives for the nation, aims to eliminate health disparities by the year 2010. Healthy People 2010 has led to a number of federal programs designed to support this goal through data collection and research. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and its agencies spearhead these efforts. HHS agencies with prominent roles include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Office for Civil Rights, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). In 1999, as part of the Healthcare Research and Quality Act, Congress directed the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, a division of HHS, to develop an annual National Healthcare Disparities Report to track "prevailing disparities in health care delivery as they relate to racial factors and socioeconomic factors in priority populations." Thirty-four states, including Ohio, have a designated governmental entity addressing minority health. Ohio's Commission on Minority Health, established in 1987, was the first entity of its kind in the nation. Recently, the commission won a federal contract to create the National Association of State Offices of Minority Health. The purpose of this background paper is to create a common understanding on the issue of health disparities. The paper will define and describe current health disparities among racial and ethnic groups as well as present a framework for examining the intricate web of factors that can contribute to disparities. It will then offer potential policy solutions for addressing the issue of health disparities, as well as the challenges associated with each. Health Policy Institute of Ohio 3 Healthy People 2010 defines disparities in health as the "unequal burden in disease morbidity and mortality rates experienced by ethnic/racial groups as compared to the dominant group." 1 The Institute of Medicine's 2002 report, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare ("the IOM Report") defines disparities in health care as "differences in the quality of health care that are not due to access-related factors or clinical needs, preferences or appropriateness of intervention." 2 The Health Resources and Services Administration, a key player in the national effort to eliminate disparities in health, defines health disparities as "population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to health care." What causes health disparities? Why are minority populations overburdened with disease and poor health outcomes? Are there promising solutions to this complex problem? A review of the research literature suggests that a multitude of complex factors contributes to health disparities, but little is known about the relative importance of these factors. In the 1985 Health and Human Services' "Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Black and Minority Health," health is said to be "influenced by the interaction of physiological, cultural, psychological, and societal factors that are poorly understood for the general population and even less so for minorities." 3 In short, it is challenging for social scientists to find ways to determine if, how, and to what extent each of these factors is related to health disparities experienced by minorities. Why is there such a strong national commitment to eliminate health disparities? With an increasingly diverse population, the health of our nation depends on our ability to keep minority populations healthy. According to Census 2000 results, minorities represent approximately 25 percent of the nation's population. Hispanics-now the nation's largest minority group-represent 12.5 percent of the total population, with 11 percent of the United States population citing Spanish as their primary language. 4 Hispanics and Asians account for more than 50 percent of the nation's population growth; between 2000 and 2050, the Hispanic b and Asian populations will more than triple, with Hispanics representing nearly a quarter of the total population and Asians representing 8 percent. 5 In Ohio, whites represent about 85 percent of the population and minorities represent about 15 percent [African American (11.5 percent), two or more races (1.4 percent), Asian (1.2 percent), other (0.8 percent), and Native American (0.2 percent)]. 6 The Hispanic population in Ohio grew 36 percent between 1990 and 2000, and now accounts for 1.9 percent of the state's total population. 7 b According to the U.S. Census Bureau, "Race and Hispanic origin are two separate concepts in the federal statistical system. People who are Hispanic may be of any race. People in each race group may be either Hispanic or Not Hispanic. Each person has two attributes, their race (or races) and whether or not they are Hispanic." U.S. Census Bureau, "U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data" (2003).