Postdejtonsko traganje za pravdom: Suđenja za ratne zločine u Bosni i Hercegovini pred nadležnim sudovima (The Post-Dayton Search for Justice: War Crimes Trials in Bosnia and Herzegovina before Competent Courts) (original) (raw)

2021, Historijski pogledi, vol. IV, br. 6

Oružane sukobe u Bosni i Hercegovini u periodu od 1992. do 1995. godine, a koji su okončani zaključivanjem tzv. Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma, obilježilo su ozbiljna kršenja temeljnih ljudskih prava i sloboda te vršenja strašnih ratnih zločina. Procesuiranje optuženih za ove zločine odvija(lo) se na nekoliko nivoa, odnosno pred: a) Međunarodnim krivičnim sudom za bivšu Jugoslaviju (MKSJ), b) domaćim sudovima i c) sudovima pojedinih inostranih država. U radu su analizirani određeni pokazatelji vezani za procesuiranje navedenih zločina, njihov obim i struktura, kao i odnos osuđujućih i oslobađajućih presuda za pojedine ratne zločine, obim primjene konvencionalnih i sumarnih formi okončanja krivičnih predmeta te sudska politika sankcioniranja učinilaca odnosnih krivičnih djela. Došlo se do saznanja da je sa krajem 2020. godine okončano na stotine krivičnih postupaka protiv približno hiljadu optuženih. Najveći broj optuženih je procesuiran pred Sudom Bosne i Hercegovine (Sud BiH), potom pred MKSJ te nešto manji broj pred sudovima država sa prostora bivše SFRJ i pojedinih zapadno-evropskih država. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da je pred MKSJ od sveukupnog broja optuženih za ratne zločine počinjene na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine njih čak 90,2% pravosnažno osuđeno za neki od datih zločina, dok je stopa osuđenih u odnosu na optužene pred Sudom BiH iznosila 67,2%, a pred sudovima u Republici Srbiji 70,2%. Zanimljivo je da je pred MKSJ čak 24,3% optuženih osuđeno u sumarnom postupku na temelju sporazuma o izjašnjenju o krivnji (plea agreement), dok je pred Sudom BiH primjenom sporazuma o priznanju krivnje (plea bargaining) kao konsenzualnog modela okončanja krivičnih predmeta osuđeno 13,3% optuženih. Za zločin genocida kao najteži zločin pred MKSJ, Sudom BiH i njemačkim sudovima osuđene su do sada 22 osobe i sve osude odnosile su se na djelovanje Vojske Republike Srpske tokom rata u Bosni i Hercegovini.. Na kraju, utvrđeno je da su pojedini sudovi, posebno Sud BiH, baštinili relativno blagu politiku kažnjavanja ratnih zločina. Ključne riječi: genocid i ratni zločini u Bosni i Hercegovini, Međunarodni krivični sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju, Sud Bosne i Hercegovine, kaznena politika, sporazum o priznanju krivnje Abstract The armed conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 1992 to 1995, which ended with the conclusion of the so-called The Dayton Peace Agreement was marked by serious violations of fundamental human rights and freedoms and the commission of horrific war crimes. Prosecution of defendants for these crimes takes place at several levels, ie before: a) the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), b) domestic courts and c) courts of certain foreign states. The paper analyzes certain indicators related to the prosecution of these crimes, their scope and structure, as well as the ratio of convictions and acquittals for certain war crimes, the scope of application of conventional and summary forms of ending criminal cases and court policy of sanctioning perpetrators. It was learned that by the end of 2020, hundreds of criminal proceedings against approximately a thousand defendants had been completed. Most of the accused were prosecuted before the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Court of BH), followed by the ICTY, and a slightly smaller number before the courts of the former SFRY and some Western European countries. The research established that before the ICTY, out of the total number of accused for war crimes committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as many as 90.2% were convicted of some of these crimes, while the rate of convicted in relation to accused before the Court of BH was 67.2% , and before the courts in the Republic of Serbia 70.2%. It is interesting that before the ICTY as many as 24.3% of the accused were convicted in summary proceedings on the basis of a plea agreement, while before the Court of BH 13,3% of the accused were convicted using a plea bargaining as a consensual model for ending criminal cases. So far, 22 people have been convicted of the crime of genocide as the most serious crime before the ICTY, the Court of BH and German courts, and all convictions related to the activities of the Army of Republika Srpska during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Court of BH, inherited a relatively mild policy of punishing war crimes. Finally, it was found that certain courts, especially Court of BH, inherited a relatively mild policy of punishing war crimes. Keywords: genocide and war crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina, ICTY, Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, penal policy, plea agreement