Government publications: Women and work (original) (raw)

Trends in female employment at the federal government level : a critical appraisal, 1983 through 1989

Pakistan Institute of Development Economics eBooks, 1995

The second aspect of the paper is to highlight the fact that not all the information that is collected is published gender-wise. This is very important from the point of view of working women as it can also have strong policy implications with regard to the advancement of women for which the Government has set up a separate ministry. The ignorance of the Ministry of Women's Development about this aspect, that is, of available unpublished information, is surprising. The paper is structured as follows. After a brief discussion of data and methodology, the results are presented in Section 2. Section 3 discusses the data which are collected but not published at the disaggregate level which has adverse implications for women employees at the policy level. The conclusions and policy recommendations are presented in the final and fourth section of this paper. The data used in this paper are taken from the Government of Pakistan (1983, 1986, 1989). The statistics reported in these reports are classified by service groups into Secretariat, Attached Departments, Subordinate Offices, Other Offices, and in the Autonomous/Semi-Autonomous bodies by Basic Pay Scale (BPS) and gender. The Censuses show that for these years no female employee of the regular civil service is reported in BPS-22 for all the categories, and also none is reported in BPS 21 in 1989. Therefore, for this analysis, we group the female employees as between BPS 16-20 instead of BPS 16-22. According to the Census reports, Education, Health, Population Welfare, Special Education and Social Welfare, and Women's Development can be said to be female

Trends in Female Employment at the Federal Government Level: A Critical Appraisal of 1983–1989

The Pakistan Development Review

This paper focuses on two aspects. First, it looks at the trends in female employment at the federal level over a period of six years, from 1983 to 1989, based on data from the Federal Government’s Civil Servants Census Reports, using three years, 1983, 1986, 1989. The second aspect of the paper is to highlight the fact that not all the information that is collected is published gender-wise. This is very important from the point of view of working women as it can also have strong policy implications with regard to the advancement of women for which the Government has set up a separate ministry. The ignorance of the Ministry of Women’s Development about this aspect, that is, of available unpublished information, is surprising. The paper is structured as follows. After a brief discussion of data and methodology, the results are presented in Section 2. Section 3 discusses the data which are collected but not published at the disaggregate level which has adverse implications for women e...

Women's Employment and Welfare Regimes (UNRISD, 2002)

Women's employment and the policies facilitating it, constraining it or ignoring it are central to contemporary social politics across the developed countries. Social policies and other political interventions, such as equal-opportunity legislation, are hardly the only influences on women's employment. We must also point to changes in labour markets and the demand for women's labour (as employers tend to see labour in gender-specific ways); women's rising education and aspirations, and their increased productivity and real wages; the decline of men's wages; the decline of fertility; increasing individualization and the rising instability of marriage. But social policy is also significant, if not so much for increasing women's employment, then for shaping the patterns of women's employment, especially the continuity of their participation over the life course, and the conditions under which they work-as well as for helping to constitute the stakes in gendered social politics. And in this respect, even as women's labour force participation has increased everywhere, there are significant cross-national differences in the policies and politics affecting women's employment.

Full utilization of women in employment: The problem and an action program

Human Resource Management, 1973

The women's liberation movement is with us to stay. Signs of its permanence can be seen in the existence of state and federal laws that have already resulted in landmark cases, in the variety of private groups and public agencies whose missions are to remove sex discriminations from our society, and in the large literature the movement has inspired in both the popular and academic press.