Prospects of conducting polymers in biosensors (original) (raw)
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Application of conducting polymers to biosensors
Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2002
Recently, conducting polymers have attracted much interest in the development of biosensors. The electrically conducting polymers are known to possess numerous features, which allow them to act as excellent materials for immobilization of biomolecules and rapid electron transfer for the fabrication of efficient biosensors. In the present review an attempt has been made to describe the salient features of conducting polymers and their wide applications in health care, food industries, environmental monitoring etc.
Advances in sensors based on conducting polymers
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 2006
Conducting polymers with a blend of interesting optical and mechanical properties can be used in situations where inorganic materials are not suitable. Synthetic capabilities as well as fabrication techniques have been developed to such an extent that molecular electronic devices based on conducting polymers can be designed, marking evolution of a sophisticated technology in the field of microelectronics. These electro-active conducting polymers cover a broad spectrum of applications from solid-state technology to biotechnology and sensor technology. Present paper addresses the various issues on sensors for chemical and biochemical species.
Conducting polymer-based biosensors
Electrochimica Acta, 1994
Abet-The electromc conductlvlty of polymers such as polyamhne exhMs a strong dependence on the redox and protonatlon state of the polymer This property has been uthsed to develop a genenc hosensor concept The concept mvolves lmmobkation of the appropriate enzyme m the conducting polymer matnx The enzyme catalyzed reaction of the homolecule results m a change m redox potential and/or pH of the nucro enwonment m the polymer matnx Thus change m the nucro enwonment tnggers a change m the electromc conductivity whch IS monitored Results shall be presented which provide proof of the above concept The systems chosen for mvestigahon are glucose/glucose oxldasc, urea/urease, neutral hpid/hpase and hemoglohn/pepsm
Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Conducting Polymers
Ionic Carriers in Organic Electronic Materials and Devices, 2010
Conducting polymers are an important class of functional materials that has been widely applied to fabricate electrochemical biosensors, because of their interesting and tunable chemical, electrical, and structural properties. Conducting polymers can also be designed through chemical grafting of functional groups, nanostructured, or associated with other functional materials such as nanoparticles to provide tremendous improvements in sensitivity, selectivity, stability and reproducibility of the biosensor's response to a variety of bioanalytes. Such biosensors are expected to play a growing and significant role in delivering the diagnostic information and therapy monitoring since they have advantages including their low cost and low detection limit. Therefore, this article starts with the description of electroanalytical methods (potentiometry, amperometry, conductometry, voltammetry, impedometry) used in electrochemical biosensors, and continues with a review of the recent advances in the application of conducting polymers in the recognition of bioanalytes leading to the development of enzyme based biosensors, immunosensors, DNA biosensors, and whole-cell biosensors.
Conducting polymer based biomolecular electronic devices
Pramana-journal of Physics, 2003
Biomolecular electronics is rapidly evolving from physics, chemistry, biology, electronics and information technology. Organic materials such as proteins, pigments and conducting polymers have been considered as alternatives for carrying out the functions that are presently being performed by semiconductor silicon. Conducting polymers such as polypyrroles, polythiophenes and polyanilines have been projected for applications for a wide range of biomolecular electronic devices such as optical, electronic, drug-delivery, memory and biosensing devices. Our group has been actively working towards the application of conducting polymers to Schottky diodes, metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) devices and biosensors for the past 10 years. This paper is a review of some of the results obtained at our laboratory in the area of conducting polymer biomolecular electronics.
Conducting Polymers as Elements of Miniature Biocompatible Sensor
Green Electronics, 2018
Conducting polymers (CPs), the so-called "fourth generation of polymeric materials", can solve essential problems in biosensing technologies due to their unique material properties and implementation in innovative device systems. CPs have excellent biocompatibility. They can provide advantageous interfaces for bioelectrodes owing to their hybrid conducting mechanics, combining both electron and ionic charge carriers. Many (i.e. glucose) biosensors use immobilized enzymes to form a selective layer on CP structure. Miniaturization of sensors is a new requirement. Mini sensors are portable and wearable with low utilization of sample and cost-effective technology of production.
Conducting Polymers in the Design of Biosensors and Biofuel Cells
Polymers, 2021
Fast and sensitive determination of biologically active compounds is very important in biomedical diagnostics, the food and beverage industry, and environmental analysis. In this review, the most promising directions in analytical application of conducting polymers (CPs) are outlined. Up to now polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) are the most frequently used CPs in the design of sensors and biosensors; therefore, in this review, main attention is paid to these conducting polymers. The most popular polymerization methods applied for the formation of conducting polymer layers are discussed. The applicability of polypyrrole-based functional layers in the design of electrochemical biosensors and biofuel cells is highlighted. Some signal transduction mechanisms in CP-based sensors and biosensors are discussed. Biocom-patibility-related aspects of some conducting polymers are overviewed and some insights into the application of CP-based coatings for the design of implantable sensors and biofuel cells are addressed. New trends and perspectives in the development of sensors based on CPs and their composites with other materials are discussed.
Development of a novel biosensor based on a conducting polymer
A new type of amperometric cholesterol biosensor was fabricated to improve the biosensor characteristics such as sensitivity and reliability. For this purpose, a novel immobilization matrix 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,7di(thiophene-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (BIPF) was electrochemically deposited on a graphite electrode and used as a matrix for the immobilization of cholesterol oxidase (ChOx). Due to strong π-π stacking of aromatic groups in the structures of polymer backbone and enzyme molecule, one can easily achieve a sensitive and reliable biosensor without using any membrane or covalent bond formation between the enzyme molecules and polymer surface. Moreover, through pendant fluorine group of the polymer, H-bond formation between with enzyme molecules and polymer was generated. Cholesterol was used as the substrate and amperometric response was measured in correlation with cholesterol amount, at À 0.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Consequently, optimum conditions for this constructed biosensor were determined. K M app, I max , LOD and sensitivity values were investigated and calculated as 4.0 nM, 2.27 mA, 0.404 mM and 1.47 mA/mM cm 2 , respectively. A novel and accurate cholesterol biosensor was developed for the determination of total cholesterol in food samples.
A review study of (bio)sensor systems based on conducting polymers
This review article concentrates on the electrochemical biosensor systems with conducting polymers. The area of electro-active polymers confined to different electrode surfaces has attracted great attention. Polymer modified carbon substrate electrodes can be designed through polymer screening to provide tremendous improvements in sensitivity, selectivity, stability and reproducibility of the electrode response to detect a variety of analytes. The electro-active films have been used to entrap different enzymes and/or proteins at the electrode surface, but without obvious loss of their bioactivity for the development of biosensors. Electropolymerization is a well-known technique used to immobilize biomaterials to the modified electrode surface. Polymers might be covalently bonding to enzymes or proteins; therefore, thickness, permeation and charge transport characteristics of the polymeric films can be easily and precisely controlled by modulating the electrochemical parameters for various electrochemical techniques, such as chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry. This review article is divided into three main parts as given in the table of contents related to the immobilization process of some important conducting polymers, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polycarbazole, polyaniline, polyphenol, poly(o-phenylenediamine), polyacetylene, polyfuran and their derivatives. A total of 216 references are cited in this review article.
Journal of Functional Biomaterials
Conducting polymers (CPs) have been at the center of research owing to their metal-like electrochemical properties and polymer-like dispersion nature. CPs and their composites serve as ideal functional materials for diversified biomedical applications like drug delivery, tissue engineering, and diagnostics. There have also been numerous biosensing platforms based on polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPY), polythiophene (PTP), and their composites. Based on their unique properties and extensive use in biosensing matrices, updated information on novel CPs and their role is appealing. This review focuses on the properties and performance of biosensing matrices based on CPs reported in the last three years. The salient features of CPs like PANI, PPY, PTP, and their composites with nanoparticles, carbon materials, etc. are outlined along with respective examples. A description of mediator conjugated biosensor designs and enzymeless CPs based glucose sensing has also been included. The fut...