Dietary patterns throughout adult life are associated with body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, and red cell folate (original) (raw)
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American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Background: Certain nutrients are well established as dietary risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but dietary patterns may be a better predictor of CVD risk. Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that the complex dietary behaviors of US adults can be grouped into major dietary patterns that are related to risk factors for CVD. Design: With the use of food-frequency questionnaire data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, dietary patterns of healthy US adults (Ն 20 y old; n ϭ 13 130) were identified by factor analysis. Log-transformed biomarker data were associated with major dietary patterns after control for confounding variables in regression analyses. All statistical analyses accounted for the survey design and sample weights. Results: Of 6 dietary patterns identified, 2 patterns emerged as the most predominant: the Western pattern was characterized by high intakes of processed meats, eggs, red meats, and high-fat dairy products, and the American-healthy pattern was characterized by high intakes of green, leafy vegetables; salad dressings; tomatoes; other vegetables (eg, peppers, green beans, corn, and peas); cruciferous vegetables; and tea. The Western pattern was associated (P Ͻ 0.05) positively with serum C-peptide, serum insulin, and glycated hemoglobin and inversely with red blood cell folate concentrations after adjustment for confounding variables. The American-healthy pattern had no linear relation with any of the biomarkers examined. Conclusions: The identification of common dietary patterns among free-living persons is promising for characterizing highrisk groups at the US population level. The dietary patterns identified here are similar to those reported in other nonrepresentative samples and are associated with biomarkers of CVD risk, which confirms that dietary pattern analysis can be a valuable method for assessing dietary intakes when predicting CVD risk.
British Journal of Nutrition, 2011
Studies that investigated complex actual eating behaviours of the general population and their relation to cardiometabolic risk markers are sparse. We aimed to identify dietary patterns within a nationally representative sample of 4025 German adults by factor analysis based on validated dietary history interviews. Furthermore, we evaluated associations of the derived dietary patterns with abnormalities clustered within the metabolic syndrome and related metabolic markers by logistic regression models and ANCOVA. A high adherence to the 'processed foods' pattern reflected a high intake of refined grains, processed meat, red meat, high-sugar beverages, eggs, potatoes, beer, sweets and cakes, snacks and butter, whereas a high adherence to the 'health-conscious' pattern represented a high intake of vegetables, vegetable oils, legumes, fruits, fish and whole grains. For subjects in the highest compared with those in the lowest quintile of the processed foods pattern, the occurrence of abdominal obesity was 88 (95 % CI 31, 169) % higher, hypertension was 34 (95 % CI 24, 86) % higher, hypertriacylglycerolaemia was 59 (95 % CI 11, 128 ) % higher and the metabolic syndrome was 64 (95 % CI 10, 143) % higher when adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, socio-economic status, sport activity and smoking. Furthermore, subjects in the highest quintile had statistically significantly higher uric acid concentrations and lower folate concentrations (P for trend ,0·05). In contrast, subjects in the highest quintile of the health-conscious pattern had a 30 (95 % CI 10, 46) % lower occurrence of hypertension, higher folate concentrations and lower homocysteine and fibrinogen concentrations (P for trend ,0·05). These data strengthen the findings from non-representative studies and emphasise the importance of healthy overall food patterns for preventing metabolic disturbances.
e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, 2011
Background: Dietary recommendations for healthy food intake are an essential part of preventive strategies, food variety might offer one additional approach. Methods: Between January 2005 and September 2009, a total of 2548 persons attended a medical outdoor centre for diagnostic and/or therapeutic interventions. To obtain information on their nutrition behaviour, patients were requested to complete a 51-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Frequencies of consumption of food items were reported on a scale between 1 (seldom or never) and 6 (more than once per day). To investigate the impact of nutrition patterns on the probability of cardiovascular event and/or medication we estimated four alternative versions of logistic regressions. Results: Up to the age-decade 51e60 of years, the majority of the patients reported a moderate to high food consumption variety. A low variety was primarily found in the age decades older than 60 years. Within each age cohort, the predicted probability of cardiovascular events and/or medication was lower for patients with higher food variety. Our parameter estimates indicate that, on average, the consumption of one additional food item reduced the probability of a cardiovascular disease by about 0.5%. Adding overall daily intakes of energy or nutrient contents did not change this result. Conclusion: Our study shows that food diversity has a significant impact on the probability to stay healthy.
Dietary patterns associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease in healthy US adults1-3
2000
Background: Certain nutrients are well established as dietary risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but dietary patterns may be a better predictor of CVD risk. Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that the complex dietary behaviors of US adults can be grouped into major dietary patterns that are related to risk factors for CVD. Design: With the use of food-frequency
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 2003
Background: There have been few long-term follow-up studies of older adults who follow different dietary patterns. Methods: We cluster-analyzed data on dietary fat, fiber, protein, carbohydrate, and calorie consumption from the U.S. Cardiovascular Health Study (mean age ϭ 73), and examined the relationship of the dietary clusters to outcomes 10 years later. Results: The five clusters were named "Healthy diet" (relatively high in fiber and carbohydrate and low in fat), "Unhealthy diet" (relatively high in protein and fat, relatively low in carbohydrates and fiber); "High Calorie," "Low Calorie," and "Low 4," which was distinguished by higher alcohol consumption. The clusters were strongly associated with demographic factors, health behaviors, and baseline health status. The Healthy diet cluster had the most years of life and years of healthy life, and the Unhealthy diet cluster had the fewest. The Low 4 cluster had the best cardiovascular outcomes. Differences were not usually large. Conclusions: Older adults who followed the healthy eating pattern had somewhat longer and healthier lives, and the cluster with more alcohol consumption was associated with fewer cardiovascular events. The unhealthy eating pattern had the worst outcomes. Ć 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The relationship between lifestyle components and dietary patterns
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2020
We conducted a narrative review on the interaction between dietary patterns with demographic and lifestyle variables in relation to health status assessment. The food pattern has the advantage of taking into account the correlations that may exist between foods or groups of foods, but also between nutrients. It is an alternative and complementary approach in analysing the relationship between nutrition and the risk of chronic diseases. For the determination of dietary patterns one can use indices/scores that evaluate the conformity of the diet with the nutrition guidelines or the established patterns (a priori approach). The methods more commonly used are based on exploratory data (a posteriori): cluster analysis and factor analysis. Dietary patterns may vary according to sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, culture and other factors, but more, they may vary depending on different associations between these factors. The dietary pattern exerts its effects on health in a synergistic way or even in conjunction with other lifestyle factors, and we can therefore refer to a 'pattern of lifestyle'.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2010
With increasing appreciation of the complexity of diets consumed by free-living individuals, there is interest in the assessment of the overall diet or dietary patterns in which multiple related dietary characteristics are considered as a single exposure. The 2 most frequently used methods to derive dietary patterns use (i) scores or indexes based on prevailing hypotheses about the role of dietary factors in disease prevention; and (ii) factors and clusters from exploration of available dietary data. A third method, a hybrid of the hypothesis-driven and data-driven methods, attempts to predict food combinations related to nutrients or biomarkers with hypothesized associations with particular health outcomes. Dietary patterns derived from the first 2 approaches have been examined in relation to nutritional and disease biomarkers and various health outcomes, and generally show the desirable dietary pattern to be consistent with prevalent beliefs about what constitutes a healthful diet...
Dietary Pattern, Lifestyle Factors, and Cardiovascular Diseases
Current Nutrition Reports, 2012
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is considered the most effective strategy for controlling CVD and its consequences. Modification of risk factors is an effective way to reduce CVD risk, and most risk factors can be altered with lifestyle changes and medications. Prospective studies have demonstrated that individually modified lifestyle factors (including physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and dietary factors) are associated with lower risks of coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure (HF), and stroke, but the results are inconsistent. The association between diet and the risk of CVD is varying. Furthermore, there are not enough studies to demonstrate the joint effects of multiple modifiable lifestyle factors on the risks of CHD, HF, and stroke. This review focuses on the dietary pattern, other lifestyle factors, and the joint associations of multiple modifiable lifestyle factors with the risks of CHD, HF, and stroke and has found that healthy lifestyle factors, including healthy diet, were significantly associated with decreased risks of CHD, HF, and stroke in men and women, and the risks progressively decreased as the number of healthy lifestyle factors increased. These results also suggest that in the general population, most cases of CHD, HF, and stroke could be avoided by practicing a healthy lifestyle.