Four-year longitudinal assessment of the prevalence of typhoid fever among those attending the General Hospital Etinan, Nigeria (original) (raw)
Related papers
2014
Abstract- The study was aimed at ascertaining the prevalence of typhoid fever by Salmonella typhii and the four year trend of the infection in Etinan, Akwa Ibom State using hospital-based data. Hospital records of those who attended the General Hospital Etinan for medical attention was collected and collated. The four year cumulative prevalence of Salmonella infection was 63.8% (58.0 % for males and 68.2 % for females), Prevalence was significantly higher among females than among males (x2-test; p < 0.05). Prevalence was comparable in all the years except for the year 2001, which had a significantly higher prevalence than that of each of the other years (x2-test; p < 0.05 for all the tests). A comparison of the prevalence of Salmonella typhi in each of the age groups between 2000 and 2003 showed that in 2001, there was significantly high prevalence (up to 80%) in the first two age groups, 0-4 years and 5-9 years, unlike in the other years where prevalence in the same age group...
Variation in Salmonella typhi Infection Among Local Populations in Southern Benue, Nigeria
International Journal of Enteric Pathogens, 2018
Background Typhoid fever (enteric fever) is caused by Salmonella typhi which is solely a human pathogen with no known animal reservoir. S. typhi is a gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped and facultative anaerobic bacterium. 1 It is a non-spore forming and non-lactose fermenting bacterium. The bacterium is transmitted mainly through consumption of food and water that has been contaminated by faecal matter. 2 Clean water, good hygiene and sanitation are factors that prevent the spread of typhoid. 1,3,4 The incubation period is usually 1-2 weeks, and the duration of the illness is about 3-4 weeks. Symptoms include poor appetite, headaches, generalized aches and pains, fatigue, weakness, fever as high as 103 o to 104 o F (39°C to 40°C), lethargy, diarrhoea and rose coloured spot. 5,6 Salmonella typhi infection begins with colonization of the small intestine, which progresses to the invasion of the gastrointestinal mucosa. The infection then spreads to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. 1,7 The severity of the infection depends on the initial infective dose, virulence and the host's immune response. 8-10 The greatest burden of disease is experienced by infants, children and adolescents (the World Health Organization [WHO] 11 and Crump and Mintz 12). In view of the above, the WHO recognizes this disease as a major public health problem and recommends immunization with Vi polysaccharide vaccine in high-risk areas. 13 Typhoid fever is an endemic disease in tropical and subtropical climates and has become a major public health problem in developing countries, with an estimated annual incidence of 540 cases per 100 000 people, and an estimated 17 million cases worldwide. 11,14 It is often encountered in tropical countries including Nigeria where it constitutes a serious source of morbidity and mortality. 15,16 This stems from poor hygienic environment and inadequate water supply systems which have become
Typhoid Fever: Tracking the Trend in Nigeria
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Typhoid fever continues to pose a serious health challenge in developing countries. A reliable database on positive blood cultures is essential for prompt interventions. To generate reliable data on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi)-positive blood culture trends in typhoidal Salmonella in Nigeria alongside changing contextual factors and antimicrobial resistance patterns, a retrospective cohort study was conducted in two hospitals in Lagos between 1993 and 2015. Medical records of typhoid patients were reviewed for positive culture and antibiogram, using standard procedures and analyzed. Additional data were retrieved from a previous study in seven facilities in Abuja and three hospitals in Kano from 2008 to 2017 and 2013 to 2017, respectively. A declining trend in percent positivity of S. Typhi was observed in Abuja with more erratic trends in Lagos and Kano. In Lagos, more than 80% of the isolates from the entire study period exhibited multiple drug resistance with a generally increasing trend. Of the chosen contextual factors, improvements were recorded in female literacy, access to improved water supply, diarrheal mortality in children younger than 5 years, gross domestic product, and poverty while access to improved sanitation facilities decreased over time nationally. Typhoid fever still poses a serious health challenge in Nigeria and in antibiotic resistance, and is a major health security issue. A combined approach that includes the use of typhoid vaccines, improvements in sanitation, and safe water supply is essential.
This study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of typhoid fever between genders among patients in Abia State Teaching Hospital. Typhoid fever which is caused by Salmonella typhi an endemic disease in the tropic and sub-tropic regions and has become a major public health problem in developing countries of the world with an estimated annual incidence of 560 per 100,000. The annual incidence of typhoid is estimated to be about 18 million cases worldwide. It is mostly seen in tropical countries including Nigeria where they lead to serious morbidities and mortalities. Blood samples were collected from 600 healthy people; 36j0 (60%) females and 240 (40%) males. The samples were examined for the presence and levels of Salmonella typhi antibodies using Widal agglutination technique. The standard Salmonella ‘O’ and ‘H’ suspension (ANTEC diagnostic products) were used as antigens. Out Of the 600 sera tested, agglutinins to Salmonella typhi were most prevalent in female subjects accounting for[300(88.2%)] of the ‘H’ antigens and [230(96.1%)] of ‘O’ antigens at the various dilutions while in the male subjects, [250(92.4%)] accounts for the ‘O’ and [220(84.6%)] for the ‘H’ antigens.The results of this study showed that more males had Salmonella agglutinin titres for S. typhi O [250(96.1%)] and S. typhi H [220(84.6%)]. More so, 100 (38.5%) males had Salmonella agglutinin titres for S.paratyphiA-O, 90 (34.6%) for S. paratyphi B-O, 85 (32.7%) for S. paratyphi C-O, 87 (32.6%) for S. paratyphi A-H, 89 (34.2%) for S. paratyphi B-H, and 60 (23.1%) for S. paratyphi C-H. It also showed that more females had Salmonella agglutin in titres for S. typhi H [300 (88.2%)] followed by S. typhi O [223(65.6%)], S. paratyphi B-H [116 (34.1%)], S. paratyphi B-O [128(37.6%)], S. paratyphi B-O [120(35.3%)], S. paratyphi C-O [122(35.9%)], S. paratyphi A-H [118 (34.7%)], and S. paratyphi C-H [113 (33.2%)]. The findings of this study establish Salmonella typhi titres that are not diagnostically significant but normal in the study population and the titre that could be used as presumptively diagnostic of typhoid fever
Distribution Pattern Of Salmonella Typhoidal Serotypes In Benue State Central, Nigeria
The Internet Journal of Epidemiology, 2010
Sera from patients (n=1479; 0-80 years old) seeking medical attention for feverish conditions were screened for significant typhoidal antibody titers (1:160) using Widal test. Salmonella enterica serovar typhi antibodies (57.9%) predominated. Distribution of the typhoidal serotypes was significantly associated with seasons (c 2 S. Typhi = 35.8, p<.05; c 2 S. Paratyphi = 122.5, p < .05), both serotypes occurring highest in wet season. Univariate analyses of variance indicated age-gender, and age-season interaction on distribution pattern: age distribution varied significantly between males and females and between dry and wet seasons (p<.05). For instance, paratyphoid antibodies were detected in 30.4% of males aged 41-50 years, but 21.5% in females of same age. Similarly, occurrence of typhoidal antibodies in 11-12 year olds was significantly higher in the wet season (36%) than in dry season (21.0%) (p<.05). The findings of this study may be useful in planning infection therapeutic and intervention programs.
Background: Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) antibodies may be considered as biomarkers of typhoid fever, a severe febrile systemic illness caused by an invasive Gram-negative Bacterium S. typhi. Worldwide, about 21-26.9 million cases of typhoid fever and 200 000-215 000 deaths, occur annually. Between 2003 and 2005, statistics have shown a rising trend in the incidence of typhoid fever in Abia and Enugu States. The aim of the study was to determine the sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies in some rural communities of Abia and Enugu States as proxy indicators of prevalence typhoid fever (TF) in the two states. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of the sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies in ten rural communities of Umunneochi Local Government Area (LGA) of Abia State and Ezeagu LGA of Enugu State using 421 (200 in Abia and 221 in Enugu) blood samples for the Widal test to determine the titres of these antibodies. Results: In the Abia communities the mean sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies was 68.2%, while in Enugu it was 87.1%. Between the two states, difference in the sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies was significant (p=0.03). Conclusions: The sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies was higher (87.1%) in the Enugu communities, compared to the Abia communities (68.2%). To reduce the incidence and prevalence of TF in the communities, access to safe domestic water, improved sanitation and good food hygiene needs to be improved. Health-seeking behaviour also needs improvement. Keywords: Abia, Antibodies, Enugu, Prevalence, S. typhi, Typhoid
Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2024
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening public health disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. The disease is a significant health concern in underdeveloped and most developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa (including Nigeria). The study was aimed at determining the prevalence and Socio-Demographic Factors Affecting the Prevalence of Typhoid Fever Among Febrile Patients in Kebbi State, Nigeria.
PREVALENCE OF TYPHOID FEVER AMONG PAEDIATRIC PATIENTS IN IPE AKOKO, ONDO STATE
Typhoid fever is a bacterial disease caused by Salmonella typhi. The disease is an important public health problem in developing countries, in which the disease seems to be endemic. The present study is aimed at determining the prevalence of typhoid fever amongst paediatric patients on admission at the General Hospital, Ipe Akoko, Ondo state. A total of 375 paediatric patients (<2 – 16 years) suspected with typhoid fever and were admitted to the hospital were enrolled into this study. Two specimens (blood and stool) were collected from the patients for bacteriological and antigenic detection. The diagnosis was based on bacteriological examinations (Gram staining and bacterial cultures), while antigenic detection was based on the Widal test. The Widal test was performed by using Salmonella suspension obtained from Burroughs and Welcome (England). The test was carried
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of typhoid fever in Aba, Abia state amongst different socio-demographic groups such as gender, age groups, marital status, source of water and occupation. The study was conducted in five hospitals in Aba, Abia State namely: Janet Memorial Hospital, St. Pauls' Hospital, New Era Hospital, Dr. Uwalaka General Hospital and Maternity and the Living Word Mission Hospital. Multiple choice questionnaires were administered to one hundred (100) each of the five study areas making a total of five hundred (500) patients who sought medical attention for typhoid fever from the listed hospitals. Analyses of the questionnaires were carried out based on the socio-demographic variables considered in its design and values were expressed as a percentage of the sample size for each hospital. Highest occurrence of typhoid fever were observed among these socio-demographic groups studied in the other presented as follows; patients who relied on borehole water for drinking had the highest occurrence at 46.0%, follows by female gender 45.0%, married individuals 42.0%, patients of age group (22 -45 years) 27.0% and people with occupation as students 27.0%. From the result of this study, It can be concluded that socio-demographic factors studied influenced the distribution pattern of typhoid fever among the populace in Aba, Abia State and patients whose source of water for drinking is borehole are most affected (46%) by typhoid fever while age group 22 -45 years and patients with occupation as students were both least affected (27%). These findings have a huge implication on the implementation of typhoid control measures and highlight the need of intensive educational campaigns to ensure adherence to the practice of personal hygiene in general. As a public health preventive measure, intensive community health education needs to be integrated into the typhoid fever control measure in Aba South Eastern Nigeria.