Integrated Miniature Multiband Antenna Designed for WWD and SAR Assessment for Human Exposure (original) (raw)
Related papers
Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 2017
This paper presents design and specific absorption rate analysis of a 2.4 GHz wearable patch antenna on a conventional and electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) ground planes, under normal and bent conditions. Wearable materials are used in the design of the antenna and EBG surfaces. A woven fabric (Zelt) is used as a conductive material and a 3 mm thicker Wash Cotton is used as a substrate. The dielectric constant and tangent loss of the substrate are 1.51 and 0.02 respectively. The volume of the proposed antenna is 113×96.4×3 mm 3. The metamaterial surface is used as a high impedance surface which shields the body from the hazards of electromagnetic radiations to reduce the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). For on-body analysis a three layer model (containing skin, fats and muscles) of human arm is used. Antenna employing the EBG ground plane gives safe value of SAR (i.e. 1.77W/kg<2W/kg), when worn on human arm. This value is obtained using the safe limit of 2 W/kg, averaged over 10g of tissue, specified by the International Commission of Non Ionization Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The SAR is reduced by 83.82 % as compare to the conventional antenna (8.16 W/kg>2W/kg). The efficiency of the EBG based antenna is improved from 52 to 74 %, relative to the conventional counterpart. The proposed antenna can be used in wearable electronics and smart clothing.
Small Planar Monopole UWB Wearable Antenna with Low SAR
This paper reports an overview of UWB jeans antenna and evaluates the safety limits by indicating the computed Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). Simple geometry of the design was aimed in order to fabricate the antenna with minimum errors. The proposed design is a rectangular patch placed on 32 × 34 mm2 jeans substrate with partial ground. Simulated and measured S11 parameter for the antenna at free space is reported in this paper. Simulated radiation patterns are also presented in this paper. The performance of the antenna has then been examined in close proximity to a developed model of human arm. Evaluation of SAR has included calculating 10-g SAR when the antenna placed at 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm far from the phantom.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
This paper presents a novel low-cost integrated multiband antenna design customized for smartwatch applications and wearable devices. The design consists in using a broadband planar patch antenna with circular microstrip lines and a miniaturized feeding-point with a structure of 30 × 30 × 1.6 mm3, and it is easy to deploy inside the smartwatch and cost-effective for the wearable device industry. The parametric study and final dimensions of the design and the measured results of the reflection and radiation pattern are discussed. The antenna with maximum gain up to 6.6 dBi and S11 up to −22 dB exhibits excellent performance for all the frequencies required in wearable systems such as 1.9 GHz, 2.3 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 2.6 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. We drew a comparison between similar research and this work in terms of antenna performance. Furthermore, we investigate the specific absorption rate (SAR) performance of the antenna for the smartwatch application, using both human hand wrist mult...
RF Energy Absorption in Human Bodies Due to Wearable Antennas in the 2.4 GHz Frequency Band
Bioelectromagnetics, 2019
Human exposure to electromagnetic fields produced by two wearable antennas operating in the 2.4 GHz frequency band was assessed by computational tools. Both antennas were designed to be attached to the skin, but they were intended for different applications. The first antenna was designed for off-body applications, i.e. to communicate with a device placed outside the body, while the second antenna model was optimized to communicate with a device located inside the body. The power absorption in human tissues was determined at several locations of adult male and female body models. The maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) value obtained with the off-body antenna was found on the torso of the woman model and was equal to 0.037 W/kg at 2.45 GHz. SAR levels increased significantly for the antenna transmitting inside the body. In this case, SAR values ranged between 0.23 and 0.45 W/kg at the same body location. The power absorbed in different body tissues and total power absorbed in the body were also calculated; the maximum total power absorbed was equal to 5.2 mW for an antenna input power equal to 10 mW. Bioelectromagnetics.
A Simulation Study of Triband Low SAR Wearable Antenna
Micromachines
The proposed paper presents a flexible antenna that is capable of operating in several frequency bands, namely 2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and 8 GHz. The first two frequency bands are frequently utilized in industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) as well as wireless local area network (WLAN) applications, whereas the third frequency band is associated with X-band applications. The antenna, with dimensions of 52 mm × 40 mm (0.79 λ × 0.61 λ), was designed using a 1.8 mm thick flexible kapton polyimide substrate with a permittivity of 3.5. Using CST Studio Suite, full-wave electromagnetic simulations were conducted, and the proposed design achieved a reflection coefficient below −10 dB for the intended frequency bands. Additionally, the proposed antenna achieves an efficiency value of up to 83% and appropriate values of gain in the desired frequency bands. In order to quantify the specific absorption rate (SAR), simulations were conducted by mounting the proposed antenna on a three-layered ph...
A Wideband Wearable Antenna for ISM and WLAN Applications
IRJET, 2023
A wideband slotted patch antenna with a partial ground for wearable applications is presented in this article. The dimensions have been optimized to obtain a compact structure of 30x20x0.8 on FR4 epoxy substrate. A triple band operation with resonant frequencies at 2.4 GHz, 3.8 GHz and 5.8 GHz is observed. A peak gain of 3.7 dB is found for the center frequency of 5.8 GHz with 97% efficiency. The average value of SAR simulated on a three-layer human body phantom for an input power of 1 mW is 0.0175 W/kg. The antenna is appropriate for implementation in Wireless Body Area Networks.
Compact UWB Wearable Antenna with Improved Bandwidth and Low SAR
SAR calculation for UWB textile antenna is reported in this paper. This paper presents simulation results of the antenna performance at the conditions of free space and placement at a distance from a portion of a human body. A summary of measurement results of the return loss of the antenna is also included. The simulated S11 parameter shows that the antenna operates within the range 2.25 GHz and 12.19. The measured return loss has shown that the antenna can operate 3.04 GHz-10.3 GHz giving a bandwidth of 108%. The performance antenna near to a human body has been simulated and examined. The SAR 10 g has been evaluated using a four-layer body model.
Design of Compact Hexagonal Shaped Multiband Antenna for Wearable and Tumor Detection Applications
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, 2021
A compact multiband antenna for frequency bands of 2.45 GHz (ISM), 3.3 GHz (5G), and 5.8 GHz (ISM) is proposed. A modified Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) and crossshaped stub are introduced in a hexagonal radiator to achieve triple-band operation including both ISM bands applications of 2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz and WiFi/WLAN. The stubs in the radiator also improve the bandwidth and impedance matching of the antenna. The 10 dB impedance of the proposed antenna varies from 2.43 GHz to 2.64 GHz, 3.02 GHz to 3.85 GHz, and 4.88 GHz to 6.82 GHz. The antenna is analyzed on a human phantom model for wearable applications, where simulated SAR and theoretically calculated SAR are 0.3251 W/kg and 0.3299 W/kg, respectively. The antenna is used on a human breast model for cancer detection applications, where the SAR value is used to analyze and validate the performance of the antenna; therefore, the antenna has effectively worked for biomedical and wearable applications.
Next-generation UWB antennas gadgets for human health care using SAR
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2021
The wide use of wireless networks and the constant miniaturization of electrical devices have enabled the development of wireless body area networks for the body. In these networks, numerous sensors are attached to clothing or the body or even embedded under the skin. The wireless nature of the network and the wide variety of sensors offer many new, practical, and innovative applications to improve health care and quality of life. In this research, we are working on the design on ultra-wide band (UWB) wearable antennas, analyzing their results, and calculating their specific absorption rate (SAR) to achieve the best results, many simulations are carried out on high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS), and the work is done in the laboratory to keep the proposed antenna on the human body in the stable channel and to get the best results [1]. UWB transmits signals from most obstacles that generally reflect signals with limited bandwidth and a higher map. Its signals range from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, with a higher degree of attenuation [2]. Human tissues are affected by the absorption of electromagnetic (EM)
Measurement of Specific Absorption Rate of Monopole Patch Antenna on Human Arm
2015
This paper presents the measurement of electromagnetic energy absorption in the human biological tissue for designed monopole patch antenna in body area network (BAN). The two factors that affect the design of antenna for body area network are; first, the impact of human body’s electromagnetic characteristics on the performance characteristics of an antenna and second, electromagnetic energies absorbed in the biological tissue. The performance parameters of antenna in terms of reflection coefficient and bandwidth are measured in free space and close to arm. A novel and simplified method is adopted to calculate specific absorption rate (SAR), from experimental data to check the compliance with the FCC safety guidelines.