Understanding stress in children (original) (raw)
Related papers
2007
Understanding S tress is increasingly present in all of our lives, yet as this term is used with greater frequency, its meaning has become less clear. What is stress? Often the term is used to refer to an external pressure exerted on systems of human homeostasis. 1 But it also can refer to the immediate result-a physiological reaction mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; neurohormonal mediators, such as corticotropin releasing factor; glucocorticoid release; and autonomic nervous system (ANS) response altering neurotransmitter levels, accompanied by adjustments in cardiovascular, immune system, and brain function, along with predictable behavioral manifestations-a "state of stress." 2 Humans share stress-responsive brain structures like the amygdala with other primates. But because of the evolution of brain structures, such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, humans possess the unique ability to retrigger stress reactions in the absence of renewed external stress. 1,2 All we need to do to unleash a physiological stress response is to think about a particular stress. "Stress" has also come to refer not only to external pressures and immediate reactions to them, but to a prolonged internal state that may have long-term deleterious effects on health and mental health.
Understanding stress: characteristics and caveats
PubMed, 1999
Exposure to stressful situations is among the most common human experiences. These types of situations can range from unexpected calamities to routine daily annoyances. In response to stressors, a series of behavioral, neurochemical, and immunological changes occur that ought to serve in an adaptive capacity. However, if those systems become overly taxed, the organism may become vulnerable to pathology. Likewise, the biological changes, if sufficiently sustained, may themselves adversely affect the organism's well-being. Several factors may dictate an individual's response to environmental stressors, including characteristics of the stressor (i.e., type of stressor and its controllability, predictability, and chronicity); biological factors (i.e., age, gender, and genetics); and the subject's previous stressor history and early life experiences. Research on the physiological and psychological responses to different types of stressful stimuli is presented, focusing particularly on processes that may be relevant to the development of alcohol use disorders. Stressful events may profoundly influence the use of alcohol or other drugs (AODs). For example, the resumption of AOD use after a lengthy period of abstinence may reflect a person's attempt to self-medicate to attenuate the adverse psychological consequences of stressors (e.g., anxiety). Alternatively, stress may increase the reinforcing effects of AODs.
Stress and disorders of the stress system
Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 2009
All organisms must maintain a complex dynamic equilibrium, or homeostasis, which is constantly challenged by internal or external adverse forces termed stressors. Stress occurs when homeostasis is threatened or perceived to be so; homeostasis is re-established by various physiological and behavioral adaptive responses. Neuroendocrine hormones have major roles in the regulation of both basal homeostasis and responses to threats, and are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by dyshomeostasis or cacostasis. The stress response is mediated by the stress system, partly located in the central nervous system and partly in peripheral organs. The central, greatly interconnected effectors of this system include the hypothalamic hormones arginine vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone and pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides, and the locus ceruleus and autonomic norepinephrine centers in the brainstem. Targets of these effectors include the executive and/or cognitive, ...
The impact of stress on body function: A review
EXCLI journal, 2017
Any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that evokes a biological response is known as stress. The compensatory responses to these stresses are known as stress responses. Based on the type, timing and severity of the applied stimulus, stress can exert various actions on the body ranging from alterations in homeostasis to life-threatening effects and death. In many cases, the pathophysiological complications of disease arise from stress and the subjects exposed to stress, e.g. those that work or live in stressful environments, have a higher likelihood of many disorders. Stress can be either a triggering or aggravating factor for many diseases and pathological conditions. In this study, we have reviewed some of the major effects of stress on the primary physiological systems of humans.
Pathophysiology of Stress: A Review
https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR\_Vol.6\_Issue.5\_May2019/Abstract\_IJRR0026.html, 2019
Our over-industrialized and highly competitive metropolitan culture has added up to our stresses at many levels. The media, also in a way, provides certain "constructs" which in their turns create stress and anxiety about our bodies, levels of successes, status, gender roles and other perspectives. Sometimes violence (gendered or otherwise) along with repression, neurosis, loneliness and other psychological factors lessen the wellbeing of an individual, both physically and psychologically. Stress is body's way of responding to the demand which is caused by both good and bad events/experiences. The body reacts by releasing chemicals in the blood to combat this demand by a complex repertoire of behavioral and physiologic adaptive responses. Stress experiences often lead to various chronic health conditions such as hypertension, coronary heart disease. To make this world a better place to live in we need to make individuals conscious of the fact that the positive health of a person depends on both the body and the mind.
Impact of Stress on Human Body: A Review
European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 2021
Every inherent or external incentive which involves natural reactions, is recognized as stress. Extenuatory reaction to these pressures is known as stress reactions. Stress contributes to broad variety of diseases including hypertension and superior plasma cortisol, cardiac and CVDs, inflammatory bowel syndromes, type 2 diabetes, and a reduced quality of life among those suffering with cancer. Stress happens in 3 stages. The first stage is an initial stage of alarm, which produces an increase of adrenaline. Living organisms can withstand intense stress and stay alive. Second phase is a brief conflict process that the body puts up to handle the problem. Last phase is the tiredness phase, which arises when the body has utilized every part of its accessible assets. Stress affects the different organs of the whole body. As far as chronic stress is concerned, it stimulates infection in the vasculature, particularly in the coronary arteries, also can alter cholesterol levels and excessive...