The Effect of Additives on Diesel Engine Emissions: An Experimental Investigation (original) (raw)
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The effects of fuel additives on diesel engine emissions during steady state and transient operation
2008
Internal combustion engines have propelled society's transportation and power needs for the last century. However, with the regulatory demand to reduce air pollution, internal combustion engines are a major focus to reduce the emissions from these engines. Compression ignition or diesel engines are a major contributor to NOx and PM pollution. However, the life of these engines is much longer than that of their spark-ignited counterparts, causing the fleet of diesel engines to consist of a significant number of old, higher polluting engines. Fuel additives are one method of reducing emissions and/or enhancing performance in these older diesel engines without the need for technology upgrades (new engines/aftertreatment). Although diesel fuel additives' ability to reduce harmful emissions is well known in the literature, the mechanism as to how these additives work is not well understood. To explore the mechanism, three cetane improvers (2-EHN, DTBP, and ODA) were investigated on a 1992 DDC Series 60 engine and 2004 EGR-equipped Cummins ISM370 engine incorporating sensors for in-cylinder pressure measurement and analysis. The engines were tested on the heavy-duty FTP cycle and the steady state SET test. The cetane improvers, depending on the additive, treat rate, and base fuel (excluding the biodiesel blends), showed significant reduction in NOx (2.2-4.9%) on the 1992 DDC engine and no change or significant increase (1.3-1.4%) on the 2004 Cummins engine when exercised over the transient FTP cycle. In the SET tests, low loads produced a NOx decrease (up to 8%) and high loads a NOx increase (up to 1.8%) with cetane improvers on the 1992 DDC engine. The 2004 Cummins engine showed little NOx decrease (up to 1%) or a NOx increase (up to 6.1%) with cetane improvers compared to the base fuel on the SET test. The biodiesel blends showed a similar trend with the additized neat fuel with decreased NOx at low load and increased NOx at high load on the 1992 DDC engine, suggesting a cetane effect due to the high cetane number of biodiesel. The heat release parameters showed that the change in NOx was due to the change in maximum cylinder pressure, maximum cylinder gas temperature, premix fraction, and pressure at the start of combustion on the 1992 DDC engine. Overall, the fuel additives reduced the premix fraction of the heat release on the 1992 DDC engine at all loads and reduced the premix fraction at low
h i g h l i g h t s Modeling of engine performance by applying the statistical technique. Rigorous optimization of additives-diesel fuel formulation. Model verification and accuracy analysis based on performance factors. Decrease of soot emission and increase of engine performance. a b s t r a c t In this study, the effect of ethanol-diesel blends with different types of additives on performance and exhaust emission is experimentally investigated through experimental modeling and optimization methods. Experiments are performed on a turbocharged common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine. The mod-eling is used to optimize the emission, engine performance, and physico-chemical properties by implementing factorial design considering four main parameters, namely, choice of oxygenate and nitro-genate such as Nitroethane (NE), Nitromethane (NM) and 2-methoxy ethyl ether (MXEE) and metal additives such as Manganese (MN) and Cerium (CE), engine speed (2200 and 1500 rpm) and load (370, 275, 180 and 20 N m). Findings by modeling show that the quadric and cubic terms of these four variables had significant effects. The obtained results prove that using the diesel-ethanol-(NE + MN) is better to decrease soot emissions and increase cetane number. The properties under study were cetane number and viscosity experiment. The emissions decrease with increasing the engine speed. The effect of blending (MXEE + CE) with diesel-ethanol on improvement of the engine performance is higher than other additives. The optimal conditions are found to be the NE, MN, engine speed and load of 1500 rpm and 168 N m, respectively. Under these conditions, the model estimated the soot content, formation of NO x and CO 2 , brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and powers of 27.6, 441.3, 28.1 ppm, 224.2 g/kW h and 26.5 kw, respectively. The modeling techniques and developed models can be employed as a useful tool for design and optimization of appropriate ethanol-diesel fuels with effective performance for various industrial applications.
The present review investigates modification of diesel fuel formulation and development of a new model to enhance engine performance, improve fuel properties and reduce exhaust emissions. Emissions arising from the fuel can be controlled by blending an oxygenated fuel (renewable fuel) with the diesel fuel. The blending oxygenated fuels namely Methanol, Ethanol, and n-Butanol are examined in addition to their effects. This review paper studies the implication of different torques and various engine speeds. In some conditions, it can even cause an increase in the content of carbon monoxides (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2) and nitrogen oxides. This review showed that the engine speed has a negative effect on all of the air pollutants, so that increasing of the engine speed leads to reduction of the air pollutants. However, the engine load gives rise to most exhaust emissions. Adding the oxygenate fuels increases brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), while brake thermal efficiency (BTE) decreases. In some researches, a nano-metal additive has been used in the fuel for improving the engine performance. In case of using the nano-metal additives to the diesel fuel (a nano-metal with small thermal conductivity coefficient), the engine performance is seen increased.
Diethyl Ether as Additive and its Effect on Diesel Engine Performance – A Review
Increasing demand of fuel day by day its consumption and hazards cause serious intensive attention is required for this problem. Also an Improvement of fuel properties are essential for suppression of pollutant and optimization of engine performance. One way is use of additives. Oxygenated additives were conventionally recommended for gasoline. But now day's oxygenated additives are widely considered for diesel fuel. This additives can also be used in combination with biodiesel. There are number of additives are available for diesel fuel. On the basis of different experimental investigations by the researchers ,this paper reviews about Di-ethyl Ether (DEE) as oxygenated additives mixed with diesel-biodiesel blends and compares its effect on performance and exhaust gas emission of compression ignition engine.
This paper present the experimental investigation on effect of oxygenated additives on multi-cylinder Diesel engine performance and emission. The experimental trail was carried out at constant speed of 1500rpm with variable load conditions and 10% of oxygenated additive in diesel fuel. Six different additives were selected for investigation. After the experimentation, it’s found that DIGILYME shows least brake specific fuel consumption of all other additives but around 10 -20% higher than that of diesel for the same load variation. All additive shows rise in EGT except DMC which is quite close to that of diesel. Brake thermal efficiency of DMC is high at idle to moderate load after that it drop than that of diesel due to low calorific value. It shows around15% rise in low load condition. DMC looks very promising in emission control. DMC shows around 15-30 drop in CO high load condition while 20 % drop in HC. Also It is good option in NOx control as it shows around 10% drop at low load and 15% drop at higher load condition. The only limitation is high smoke production by DMC where other additive like N Butyl Alcohol help in lowering smoke production that is its show around 30% drop at high load condition.
Effect of oxygenated fuel additive on diesel engine performance and emission: A review
This Improvement of fuel properties essential for suppression of pollutant and optimization of engine performance. One way is use of additives. Oxygenated additives were conventionally recommended for gasoline. But now day’s oxygenated additives are widely considered for diesel fuel also. This paper reviews the available oxygenated additives and compares their effect on exhaust gas emission with help of conference papers and journals. During study of available material It is found that , oxygenated are effective method for reducing PM, CO and HC without significant increase in the NOx emission.
2012
Fossil fuels play a crucial role in the world energy market. The world's energy market worth around 1.5 trillion dollars is still dominated by fossil fuels. The World Energy Outlook (WEO) claims that energy generated from fossil fuels will remain the major source and is still expected to meet about 84% of energy demand in 2030. As population increases and the standard of living improve, there will be a shortage of source of energy. Bio-fuel such as bio-diesel and bio-ethanol are now receiving the impetus required for becoming the fuel source for the future. One of the way to reduced the dependence on the fossil fuel is the blending of bio-ethanol with the conventional diesel. Advances in technology have allowed development of alternative energy sources. In this review paper we briefly discuss replacement of fossil fuel with bio-diesel+ bio-ethanol+ diesel and its effect on the engine performance and emission characteristics.
Energy Conversion and Management, 2018
The inspiration of the present work emerges from the formulation to enhance the combustion, emission and performance of a single cylinder diesel engine through modifying the fuel by adding an additive together with water-in-diesel emulsion fuel. 1,4-dioxane a hygroscopic, multipurpose substance was considered as one of the irreplaceable additive to be included with the ideal mix of DWS (89.8%diesel + 10%water + 0.2%surfactant) to enhance the engine attributes. In the present work, 1,4-dioxane was mixed with the optimized blend of DWS (10% water and 89.8% diesel), with varying concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20% and denoted as DWSA5, DWSA10, DWSA15, DWSA20 respectively. With the expansion of 1,4-dioxane, the physical properties were enhanced. The sample fuels were analyzed with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in order to find functional groups. An experiment was conducted with test fuels in a single cylinder, unmodified diesel engine. From the experimental data, it was revealed that, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of DWSA10 increases up to 7% when compared with diesel fuel. Hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke decreases up to 31.66%, 27.83% respectively with diesel fuel. Brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and carbon monoxide (CO) of DWSA10 decreased about 7.5%, 15% respectively on par with DWS fuel. From the obtained results, it was identified that test fuel (DWSA10) containing 10% 1,4-dioxane shows significant improvement in the engine performance and reduction in emission. DWSA10 may play a significant role for diesel engine in future without modifying the engine.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2014
https://www.ijert.org/the-role-of-oxygenated-fuel-additive-dee-along-with-palm-methyl-ester-and-diesel-to-estimate-performance-and-emission-analysis-of-di-diesel-engine https://www.ijert.org/research/the-role-of-oxygenated-fuel-additive-dee-along-with-palm-methyl-ester-and-diesel-to-estimate-performance-and-emission-analysis-of-di-diesel-engine-IJERTV3IS10087.pdf An experimental Investigation is carried out to study the performance and emission on Laboratory based direct injection, diesel engine fueled with Bio diesel (PaME), Diesel and DEE blended fuel taking pure Diesel as base line. The test fuels are pure Diesel, pure PaME, (95% PaME + 5% DEE in vol.), (80% Diesel+15% PaME+5% DEE in vol.), (95% Diesel + 5% DEE in vol.), and (80% PaME +15% Diesel +5% DEE in vol.) respectively. The experiment has been conducted at fixed engine speed of 1500 rpm and at compression ratio of 18.5. Engine tests have been conducted to get the comparative measures of Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), Brake thermal efficiency (BTh) and emissions such as CO, CO 2 , HC, NO and NO X to evaluate the behavior of PaME, Diesel and DEE blends in varying proportions. A marked improvement in the trade-off between NOx and smoke was achieved maintaining a high thermal efficiency by a suitable combination between the parameters mentioned above for each engine load. The results with the combination 80% Diesel+15% PaME+5% DEE in vol. were found encouraging in all respects of performance and improved emission characteristics.