Radicalisation Processes Leading to Acts of Terrorism (original) (raw)
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State, Society, and National Security: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century, 2016
Our understanding of how people become involved in terrorism and violent extremism has transformed since the turn of the century. That transformation occurred at the same time that ‘radicalisation’ took over as the dominant framework for considering questions around terrorist psychology, motivation and recruitment. Today, radicalisation is typically seen to refer to a complex and dynamic process which results in individuals coming to embrace a violent ideology in support of a political or religious cause. The concept of radicalisation has become an almost universal element in contemporary efforts to understand and combat terrorism. This chapter outlines the rise and development of theoretical models and research on radicalisation. It highlights some of the major research breakthroughs but also focuses on where very significant gaps remain in our understanding. The chapter cautions that we need to be careful in terms of how we think about the broader role of radicalisation. A subtle – and dangerously unquestioned - assumption has spread that ‘radicalisation’ as a phenomenon is the major root cause of terrorism. When different radicalisation models are used to design or justify a variety of counter-terrorism policies and programmes, care is needed to look beyond the headline banner of radicalisation and pay attention to the factors identified within those models as key drivers.
RADICALISATION AND SELF-MOTIVATED TERRORISM IN EUROPE
The effects of Islamist radicalization and terror have been growing rapidly in United kingdom and Europe for the last three years. They have been targeting through buses, airplanes, airports and trains. In other cases, planned attacks have been redirected to public places such as market, populated streets, clubs and parliaments. Most of those who are involved are either citizens of Europe but with very close interaction with Islamic community. It is not easy to determine or categorize factors influencing radicalization procedure. However, collection of factors is important to elaborate the reason that has made most of Islamic young men have emerged to arrange and carry on with killing terrorist attacks and even converting women. The root cause of radicalization usually is believed to be cultivated by the individuals who feel to be frustrated by the government, society or the policy. Thus, individuals meets with other people with the minded idea in their minds, finally they come together with a chain of events which at long last ends up in terrorism. Nevertheless, not all members ends up becoming terrorist because other drops from radicalization before it goes far at a different stages. The worlds worried how the terrorism fact through radicalization is taking place in high speed and spreading anonymously in the world in this digital arena. Because of rapid growth of radicalization groups, the world is also in a great fear of possible attacks from very small starting terrorist groups.
Radicalization into Violent Extremism II: A Review of Conceptual Models and Empirical Research
2011
Abstract Over the past decade, analysts have proposed several frameworks to explain the process of radicalization into violent extremism (RVE). These frameworks are based primarily on rational, conceptual models which are neither guided by theory nor derived from systematic research. This article reviews recent (post-9/11) conceptual models of the radicalization process and recent (post-9/11) empirical studies of RVE.
THE MULTIFACTORIAL PROCESS OF RADICALISATION TO "JIHADI" FUNDAMENTALISM
The Multifactorial Process of Radicalisation to "Jihadi" Terrorism, 2020
The paper analyses the main factors that trigger radicalisation to "jihadi" fundamentalism from a socio-criminological and geopolitical perspective. The concept of radicalisation and its causes in its potential progression towards terrorist violence will be examined. The conclusion of the paper will pinpoint the flaws of the current strategies of counter-radicalisation and counter-terrorism and will outline some possible preventive ways forward. Table of contents: 1. The concept of radicalisation. – 2. The multiple roots of radicalisation and international terrorism. – 3. The ideological factor. – 4. The political factor. – 4.1. The government of the Middle East territories. – 4.2. The escalation of international conflict: the interventionism of the United States and Europe. – 5. The social factor. – 6. The cultural factor. – 7. The economic factor. – 8. Conclusion.
Violent Radicalization: Beyond Ideology or Religion
Workshop: The Narrative of Islamic violence in History. Creation, artifice and reality, 2018
Narratives that consider Islam as a violent religion have been reinforced in recent times by the rise of jihadism, i.e. those radical Islamist movements that advocate the use of violence through a distorted concept of jihad. At present, jihadism represents a global movement with a considerable popular base of followers even in secular Western societies. One of the characteristics of jihadist organizations is their ability to commit attacks in these Western societies, either directly and deliberately or through inspiring and encouraging the creation of autonomous cells. This fact, on the one hand, has led the respective governments to declare jihadist terrorism as one of the main threats to security. But, on the other hand, it has also contributed to the association between Islam and violence, a tendency that, although clearly erroneous and unjust, often becomes inevitable. However, recent research suggests that the process of violent radicalization of jihadist nature that some individuals experience in Western societies does not differ essentially from other processes based on political or nationalist ideologies. If this hypothesis is confirmed, the different political, religious, etc. contexts where the process of radicalization takes root would lose relevance in favor of the individual and the interpretation he makes of each of them. In other words, the arguments that support the consideration of Islam as a violent religion would lose weight in favor of the misuse, intentional or not, that some individuals make of religion to satisfy their own ends.
Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories
2011
Abstract In discourse about countering terrorism, the term" radicalization" is widely used, but remains poorly defined. To focus narrowly on ideological radicalization risks implying that radical beliefs are a proxy—or at least a necessary precursor—for terrorism, though we know this not to be true. Different pathways and mechanisms of terrorism involvement operate in different ways for different people at different points in time and perhaps in different contexts.
Twenty Important Articles and Reports on Terrorist Radicalization (2012)
Perspectives on Terrorism, 2012
Keeping up-to-date with new research on terrorism can be challenging for both academic and non-academic researchers, with a multitude of books, articles and reports of varying degrees of quality being produced continuously. Andrew Silke noted that the publication of books on terrorism nearly jumped tenfold after 9/11, from 150 titles in 2000 to 1108 the following year, and 1767 in 2002 [1]. If one searches for books on terrorism with www.amazon.com one decade later, one gets over 30,000 results and the sub-genre 'radicalisation' already produces in excess of 300 books. Research on radicalisation took off in 2004 in response to the blowback from the American intervention in Iraq the year before. The London bombings in 2005 generated further interest in the phenomenon of "homegrown terrorism", where apparently self-starting cells of radicalising individuals mobilized against their host countries with little or no material support from foreign terrorist entities. This has created a whole new field of empirical inquiry.
Understanding Radicalisation: Review of Literature
The phenomena of radicalisation today develop and change at high speed, with their extreme forms manifested globally. The destructive dimensions of (violent) Islamist or right-wing radicalisation have become dramatically visible in Europe posing serious challenges to European societies. This literature review presents key academic conceptualisations and debates on the phenomena оf radicalisation that might lead to violence. It deals with three different forms of radicalisation, including Islamist radicalisation, right-wing as well as left-wing radicalisation. In addition, an overview is provided of current academic debates regarding the role of the internet in radicalisation processes. The review is intended to help social scientists who are entering the field of radicalisation studies navigate through the complexity of underlying processes and factors that lead different individuals or groups to adopt radical ideas and commit acts of violence. The review is particularly relevant for countries of Central and Eastern Europe where radicalisation remains understudied, although most countries in the region share histories of extremism and political radicalism.