A Short Review on the Utilization of Incense Sticks Ash as an Emerging and Overlooked Material for the Synthesis of Zeolites (original) (raw)
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Synthesis of Zeolites from Treated Oil Palm Ash
Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2015
In this study, the ability of treated oil palm ash aided with kaolin powder to produce zeolites is studied. The use of treated oil palm ash in the zeolites conversion seems to be an option for waste materials management. Characterization of treated oil palm ash from Malaysia’s palm oil plantation has been acquitted. The treated oil palm ash and kaolin powder are used as the starting material for the synthesis of zeolites materials. The method chose for the zeolites conversion is alkaline hydrothermal treatment. The chemical composition, crystalline phases and elemental composition of treated oil palm ash and as-synthesized samples were characterized and studied. From the analysis, the treated oil palm ash was a fertile source of silica and exists as quartz phase. The outcomes have significant motivation for the production of zeolites by using low cost material such as treated oil palm ash.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Zeolite from Fly Ash
Zeolite is aluminosilicates, micro porous crystalline, with TO4 tetrahedral (T = Al, Si) and oxygen atoms are linked to each other with the corners. Zeolite has been unique ion properties as an adsorption and molecular sieving, dehydration and rehydration, biological activity, catalytic, and cation exchange and many more because of it has a wide application. The numbers of scientists have been developing various methods for the synthesis of zeolite. There are many ways for the synthesis of zeolite, which mainly included treatment of natural zeolite, pertaining minerals of natural clay, fusion with alkali, zeolite synthesis by hydrothermal conventional, and microwave assisted zeolite synthesis. The review’s objectives are depending on recent trends of zeolite synthesis from fly ash.
Synthesis of Zeolite-A Using Silica from Rice Husk Ash
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN, 2009
We describe the synthesis of zeolite-A using rice husk ash (RHA) as starting material. Synthesis comprised alkali activation at low temperature (<100 • C) using NaOH as reagent. We investigated the effect of experimental conditions on zeolite synthesis from RHA. The process was studied as a function of NaAlO 2 addition, NaOH concentration, temperature, and reaction time. A stirred batch reactor was used under the following reaction conditions: SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 molar ratio, 1.7-2.8; NaOH concentration, 2-6 M; temperature, 50-80 • C; reaction time, 0-48 h. The obtained solids were identified by X-ray diffraction and characterized by scanning electron microscopy; specific surface areas and cation exchange capacity values were also determined. Concentrations of Si and Al in the solution were analyzed to monitor the reaction process. Single zeolite-A can be synthesized from RHA under all our experimental conditions. We proposed the formation mechanism of zeolite-A from RHA. The silicate ion dissolves in NaOH solution from RHA and reacts with aluminate in the solution to form aluminosilicate, from which zeolite-A crystals are generated. The high crystallinity was obtained rapidly when SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio, NaOH concentration and temperate were high in this experimental conditions.
Zeolite synthesis from oil palm ash using hydrothermal treatment
2017
The treated oil palm ash and kaolin powder are used as the starting material for the synthesis of zeolites materials. The method chose for the zeolites conversion is alkaline hydrothermal treatment. The chemical composition and crystalline phases of treated oil palm ash and as-synthesized samples were characterized and studied. From the analysis, the treated palm ash was a fertile source of silica and exists as quartz phase. The zeolite synthesis was carried out under hydrothermal conditions by activation with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The results indicated that the synthesized zeolite products obtained from 2 M NaOH concentrations contain zeolite gismondine as major constituent phase, whereas quartz was found as minor phase. The outcomes have significant motivation for the production of zeolites by using low cost material such as treated palm ash.
Synthesis of zeolites from a lagoon ash
Fuel, 2001
The amount of ash, and its hazardous impact on the environment, produced from the coal ®red thermal power plants is continuously increasing. This poses a very challenging task of safe handling, proper disposal and utilisation of the ash. A very common method of disposal of the ash is the wet disposal, in a slurry form, in the lands nearby thermal power plants, known as lagoons. During the process of wet disposal, the ash interacts with water and looses its original physical as well as the chemical properties. The ash±water interaction may also lead to the formation of zeolites over a period of time, which may be used for various industrial applications. This paper deals with the effect of water interaction, and hence the formation of zeolite, on a typical Class`F' lagoon ash, from India. q
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2011
In this present work, fly ash and bottom ash with high crystalline silica content were obtained from the coal-fired boilers within the paper industries in Thailand. These coal ashes were used as the basic raw materials for synthetic zeolite production. The crystal type and crystallinity, specific surface area and pore size, and textural properties of zeolite products were characterized by using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), N 2 sorption analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), respectively. It was found that sodalite octahydrate was selectively formed via the direct conventional (one-step) synthesis, whereas through a two-step, sodium silicate preparation and consecutive zeolite A synthesis process, 94 and 72 wt.% zeolite A products could be produced from the fly ash and bottom ash, respectively. The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of fly ash and bottom ash-derived zeolite A products were closely similar to that of the commercial grade zeolite A.
Applied Sciences
The synthesis of zeolites using waste as a source of Si and Al is well known, and light coal ash has been studied to minimize the problems of waste management and mitigate environmental effects. The residue used in this work was supplied by Coal Workers Assistance Society (SATC) Criciúma–SC/Brazil, and had 24.09% Al2O3 and 54.25% SiO2 in its chemical composition. Synthesis studies using this residue with the objective of obtaining LTA zeolites were carried out by hydrothermal means, alkaline fusion, and the combination of the two methods, varying parameters such as crystallization time, Na/T ratio, OH/ratio, ultrasound exposure, gel agitation temperature, and the alkaline melting temperature of the residue. The results were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG). It was possible to obtain 70% crystalline zeolite type LTA for the first time at mild conditions with temperatures below 200 °C by alkaline fusion with smaller amounts...
Synthesis of Zeolite-A From Coal Bottom Ash: The Influence of Unburned carbon to the Zeolite Quality
This article presents the study of unburned carbon in coal bottom ash influence to the quality of zeolite A that was made of the ash. Synthesis of zeolite A and unburned carbon-containing zeolite A was carried out using two step methods. First, the ash was fused with NaOH at 750 o C in air and inert (N 2 ) atmosphere to retain the unburned carbon content. The fused product was then dissolved in deionized water and aluminate solution was added to adjust SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 molar ratio to 1.926, which is suitable for zeolit A formation prior to the second step which is a hydrothermal crystallization. Experimental results indicated that product synthesized from extract of the air-fused bottom ash solution contains only zeolite A. On the other hand, when the extract of N 2 -fused bottom ash was used, the zeolite also contains hydroxysodalite and calcite as well as 2.31 % carbon. Study on the variation of carbon addition shows that the crystallinity of zeolite A is lower when higher carbon was added. Pure zeolite A exhibited the highest CEC, ie 347.8 meq/100g, whereas carbon containingzeolite A showed CEC variation between 93.8 and 221.71 meq/100g.
Synthesis and characterization of zeolites prepared from industrial fly ash
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2014
In this paper, we present the possibility of using fly ash to produce synthetic zeolites. The synthesis class F fly ash from the Stalowa Wola SA heat and power plant was subjected to 24 h hydrothermal reaction with sodium hydroxide. Depending on the reaction conditions, three types of synthetic zeolites were formed: Na-X (20 g fly ash, 0.5 dm 3 of 3 mol•dm −3 NaOH, 75°C), Na-P1 (20 g fly ash, 0.5 dm 3 of 3 mol•dm −3 NaOH, 95°C), and sodalite (20 g fly ash, 0.8 dm 3 of 5 mol•dm −3 NaOH+0.4 dm 3 of 3 mol•dm −3 NaCl, 95°C). As synthesized materials were characterized to obtain mineral composition (X-ray diffractometry, Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry), adsorption properties (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, N 2 isotherm adsorption/ desorption), and ion exchange capacity. The most effective reaction for zeolite preparation was when sodalite was formed and the quantitative content of zeolite from X-ray diffractometry was 90 wt%, compared with 70 wt% for the Na-X and 75 wt% for the Na-P1. Residues from each synthesis reaction were the following: mullite, quartz, and the remains of amorphous aluminosilicate glass. The best zeolitic material as characterized by highest specific surface area was Na-X at almost 166 m 2 •g −1 , while for the Na-P1 and sodalite it was 71 and 33 m 2 •g −1 , respectively. The ion exchange capacity decreased in the following order: Na-X at 1.8 meq•g −1 , Na-P1 at 0.72 meq•g −1 , and sodalite at 0.56 meq•g −1. The resulting zeolites are competitive for commercially available materials and are used as ion exchangers in industrial wastewater and soil decontamination.
Characterization of Na and Ca Zeolites Synthesized by Various Hydrothermal Treatments of Fly Ash
Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, 2015
For the past several decades, researchers have studied the zeolitization of coal fly ash (class-F) by following different methods (viz., open and closed hydrothermal, and fusion followed by hydrothermal). In fact, these methods involve sequential processes like (i) dissolution of silica and alumina from the fly ash, (ii) nucleation of zeolite, and (iii) crystallization (growth of zeolite) in the reactant solution. Also, performance of these processes has been reported to vary with the type of alkali used as reactant and often, NaOH has been preferred for high cation exchange capacity, resulting in sodium zeolites. However, large scale applications of Na-based zeolites in soil and water are questionable due to the presence of high sodium, thereby increasing the sodicity and salinity of the soil/water. In addition, performance of the zeolites, as adsorbent, synthesized by different methods is expected to depend on various characteristics (viz., mineralogy, structural bonding, specific surface area, pore volume, and morphology), of the zeolites. In order to address the above issues, the present study is focused to investigate the various characteristics of the synthesized zeolites by (i) the above mentioned three methods, (ii) using Ca(OH) 2 as reactant, and (iii) considering Na and Ca present in the fly ash. Thus, the aim of the study was to ascertain (i) a suitable method out of the three and (ii) characteristics of the blend of Na-and Ca-zeolites from the fly ash, which can Manuscript be used as a controlled release fertilizer, as sorbent for water and soil decontamination.